Use of graph theory for secondary structure recognition and sequential assignment in heteronuclear (13C,15N) NMR spectra: Application to HU protein from Bacillus stearothermophilus

A computer-assisted procedure, based upon a branch of mathematics known as graph theory, has been developed to recognize secondary structure elements in proteins from their corresponding nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY)-type spectra and to carry out their sequential assignment. In the method, NOE connectivity templates characteristic of regular secondary structures are identified in the spectra. Resonance assignment is then achieved by connecting these NOE patterns of secondary structure together, and thereby matching connected spin systems to specific parts of the primary sequence. The range of NOE-graph templates of secondary structure motifs, incorporating α-helices and β-strand motifs, has been examined for reliability and extent of secondary structure identification in a data base composed of the high resolution structures of 20 proteins. The analysis identified several robust NOE-graph templates and supports the implementation of an ordered search strategy. The method, known as SERENDIPITY, has been applied to the analysis of nuclear Overhauser effect data from a three- dimensional time-shared nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (13C,15N) heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectrum of the (α + β) type protein HU from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The arrangement of the elucidated elements of secondary structure is very, similar to that of the x- ray and nmr structures of HU. In addition, our analysis revealed a pattern of interstrand nuclear Overhauser effect in the β-arm region (residues 53-76) of HU, which suggest irregularities, not reported in the x-ray structure, in both strands of the β-arm at Ala57 and Pro72, respectively. At these residues, both strands of the β-arm appear to flip inside out before continuing as a regular antiparallel β-sheet.