Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Maria João Bessa; Fátima Brandão; Paul H B Fokkens; Daan L A C Leseman; A John F Boere; Flemming R Cassee; Apostolos Salmatonidis; Mar Viana; Eliseo Monfort; Sónia Fraga; João Paulo Teixeira

doi:10.3390/ijms23084278

Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Maria João Bessa, Fátima Brandão, Paul H B Fokkens, Daan L A C Leseman, A John F Boere, Flemming R Cassee, Apostolos Salmatonidis, Mar Viana, Eliseo Monfort, Sónia Fraga, João Paulo Teixeira

IRAS OH Toxicology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

High-energy industrial processes have been associated with particle release into workplace air that can adversely affect workers' health. The present study assessed the toxicity of incidental fine (PGFP) and nanoparticles (PGNP) emitted from atmospheric plasma (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) metabolisation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle changes, histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX) and DNA damage were evaluated in human alveolar epithelial cells at 24 h after exposure. Overall, HVOF particles were the most cytotoxic to human alveolar cells, with cell viability half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of 20.18 µg/cm 2 and 1.79 µg/cm 2 for PGFP and PGNP, respectively. Only the highest tested concentration of APS-PGFP caused a slight decrease in cell viability. Particle uptake, cell cycle arrest at S + G 2/M and γ-H2AX augmentation were observed after exposure to all tested particles. However, higher levels of γ-H2AX were found in cells exposed to APS-derived particles (~16%), while cells exposed to HVOF particles exhibited increased levels of oxidative damage (~17% tail intensity) and ROS (~184%). Accordingly, APS and HVOF particles seem to exert their genotoxic effects by different mechanisms, highlighting that the health risks of these process-generated particles at industrial settings should not be underestimated.

Original language	English
Article number	4278
Pages (from-to)	1-18
Journal	International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Volume	23
Issue number	8
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084278
Publication status	Published - 1 Apr 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
transitória (Ref. DL-57/INSA-06/2018). Thanks are also due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to EPIUnit and ITR (UIDB/04750/2020 and LA/P/0064/2020). Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.

Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by the project CERASAFE with the support of ERA-NET SIINN (project id:16) and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT; SIINN/0004/2014). This work was also supported by the project NanoBioBarriers (PTDC/MED-TOX/31162/2017), cofinanced by the Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) through European Regional Development Funds (FEDER/FNR) and FCT and the Spanish Ministry of Sci- ence and Innovation (projects PCIN-2015-173-C02-01 and CEX2018-000794-S-Severo Ochoa). M.J. Bessa (SFRH/BD/120646/2016) and F. Brandão (SFRH/BD/101060/2014) are recipients of FCT PhD scholarships under the framework of the Human Capital Operating Program (POCH) and European Union funding. The Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences of the ICBAS—University of Porto Int.J.Mol. Sci. 2022,of23fer, x FOR PEER REVIEWed additional funds. S. Fraga thanks FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016—Norma

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

A549 cells
Cell cycle
Cytotoxicity
DNA damage
H2AX phosphorylation
In vitro toxicity
Incidental nanoparticles
Occupational exposure
Process-generated nanoparticles

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.3390/ijms23084278Licence: CC BY

ijms-23-04278Final published version, 3.01 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Bessa, M. J., Brandão, F., Fokkens, P. H. B., Leseman, D. L. A. C., Boere, A. J. F., Cassee, F. R., Salmatonidis, A., Viana, M., Monfort, E., Fraga, S., & Teixeira, J. P. (2022). Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(8), 1-18. Article 4278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084278

@article{30c397821ac9470fb5ace33e4ad3eeaf,

title = "Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells",

abstract = "High-energy industrial processes have been associated with particle release into workplace air that can adversely affect workers' health. The present study assessed the toxicity of incidental fine (PGFP) and nanoparticles (PGNP) emitted from atmospheric plasma (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) metabolisation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle changes, histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX) and DNA damage were evaluated in human alveolar epithelial cells at 24 h after exposure. Overall, HVOF particles were the most cytotoxic to human alveolar cells, with cell viability half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of 20.18 µg/cm 2 and 1.79 µg/cm 2 for PGFP and PGNP, respectively. Only the highest tested concentration of APS-PGFP caused a slight decrease in cell viability. Particle uptake, cell cycle arrest at S + G 2/M and γ-H2AX augmentation were observed after exposure to all tested particles. However, higher levels of γ-H2AX were found in cells exposed to APS-derived particles (~16%), while cells exposed to HVOF particles exhibited increased levels of oxidative damage (~17% tail intensity) and ROS (~184%). Accordingly, APS and HVOF particles seem to exert their genotoxic effects by different mechanisms, highlighting that the health risks of these process-generated particles at industrial settings should not be underestimated. ",

keywords = "A549 cells, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, DNA damage, H2AX phosphorylation, In vitro toxicity, Incidental nanoparticles, Occupational exposure, Process-generated nanoparticles",

author = "Bessa, {Maria Jo{\~a}o} and F{\'a}tima Brand{\~a}o and Fokkens, {Paul H B} and Leseman, {Daan L A C} and Boere, {A John F} and Cassee, {Flemming R} and Apostolos Salmatonidis and Mar Viana and Eliseo Monfort and S{\'o}nia Fraga and Teixeira, {Jo{\~a}o Paulo}",

note = "Funding Information: transit{\'o}ria (Ref. DL-57/INSA-06/2018). Thanks are also due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to EPIUnit and ITR (UIDB/04750/2020 and LA/P/0064/2020). Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by the project CERASAFE with the support of ERA-NET SIINN (project id:16) and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT; SIINN/0004/2014). This work was also supported by the project NanoBioBarriers (PTDC/MED-TOX/31162/2017), cofinanced by the Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) through European Regional Development Funds (FEDER/FNR) and FCT and the Spanish Ministry of Sci- ence and Innovation (projects PCIN-2015-173-C02-01 and CEX2018-000794-S-Severo Ochoa). M.J. Bessa (SFRH/BD/120646/2016) and F. Brand{\~a}o (SFRH/BD/101060/2014) are recipients of FCT PhD scholarships under the framework of the Human Capital Operating Program (POCH) and European Union funding. The Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences of the ICBAS—University of Porto Int.J.Mol. Sci. 2022,of23fer, x FOR PEER REVIEWed additional funds. S. Fraga thanks FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016—Norma Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

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language = "English",

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Bessa, MJ, Brandão, F, Fokkens, PHB, Leseman, DLAC, Boere, AJF, Cassee, FR, Salmatonidis, A, Viana, M, Monfort, E, Fraga, S & Teixeira, JP 2022, 'Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 23, no. 8, 4278, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084278

Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. / Bessa, Maria João; Brandão, Fátima; Fokkens, Paul H B et al.
In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 8, 4278, 01.04.2022, p. 1-18.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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AU - Bessa, Maria João

AU - Brandão, Fátima

AU - Fokkens, Paul H B

AU - Leseman, Daan L A C

AU - Boere, A John F

AU - Cassee, Flemming R

AU - Salmatonidis, Apostolos

AU - Viana, Mar

AU - Monfort, Eliseo

AU - Fraga, Sónia

AU - Teixeira, João Paulo

N1 - Funding Information: transitória (Ref. DL-57/INSA-06/2018). Thanks are also due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to EPIUnit and ITR (UIDB/04750/2020 and LA/P/0064/2020). Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by the project CERASAFE with the support of ERA-NET SIINN (project id:16) and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT; SIINN/0004/2014). This work was also supported by the project NanoBioBarriers (PTDC/MED-TOX/31162/2017), cofinanced by the Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) through European Regional Development Funds (FEDER/FNR) and FCT and the Spanish Ministry of Sci- ence and Innovation (projects PCIN-2015-173-C02-01 and CEX2018-000794-S-Severo Ochoa). M.J. Bessa (SFRH/BD/120646/2016) and F. Brandão (SFRH/BD/101060/2014) are recipients of FCT PhD scholarships under the framework of the Human Capital Operating Program (POCH) and European Union funding. The Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences of the ICBAS—University of Porto Int.J.Mol. Sci. 2022,of23fer, x FOR PEER REVIEWed additional funds. S. Fraga thanks FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016—Norma Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

PY - 2022/4/1

Y1 - 2022/4/1

N2 - High-energy industrial processes have been associated with particle release into workplace air that can adversely affect workers' health. The present study assessed the toxicity of incidental fine (PGFP) and nanoparticles (PGNP) emitted from atmospheric plasma (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) metabolisation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle changes, histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX) and DNA damage were evaluated in human alveolar epithelial cells at 24 h after exposure. Overall, HVOF particles were the most cytotoxic to human alveolar cells, with cell viability half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of 20.18 µg/cm 2 and 1.79 µg/cm 2 for PGFP and PGNP, respectively. Only the highest tested concentration of APS-PGFP caused a slight decrease in cell viability. Particle uptake, cell cycle arrest at S + G 2/M and γ-H2AX augmentation were observed after exposure to all tested particles. However, higher levels of γ-H2AX were found in cells exposed to APS-derived particles (~16%), while cells exposed to HVOF particles exhibited increased levels of oxidative damage (~17% tail intensity) and ROS (~184%). Accordingly, APS and HVOF particles seem to exert their genotoxic effects by different mechanisms, highlighting that the health risks of these process-generated particles at industrial settings should not be underestimated.

AB - High-energy industrial processes have been associated with particle release into workplace air that can adversely affect workers' health. The present study assessed the toxicity of incidental fine (PGFP) and nanoparticles (PGNP) emitted from atmospheric plasma (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) metabolisation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle changes, histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX) and DNA damage were evaluated in human alveolar epithelial cells at 24 h after exposure. Overall, HVOF particles were the most cytotoxic to human alveolar cells, with cell viability half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of 20.18 µg/cm 2 and 1.79 µg/cm 2 for PGFP and PGNP, respectively. Only the highest tested concentration of APS-PGFP caused a slight decrease in cell viability. Particle uptake, cell cycle arrest at S + G 2/M and γ-H2AX augmentation were observed after exposure to all tested particles. However, higher levels of γ-H2AX were found in cells exposed to APS-derived particles (~16%), while cells exposed to HVOF particles exhibited increased levels of oxidative damage (~17% tail intensity) and ROS (~184%). Accordingly, APS and HVOF particles seem to exert their genotoxic effects by different mechanisms, highlighting that the health risks of these process-generated particles at industrial settings should not be underestimated.

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KW - Cytotoxicity

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KW - H2AX phosphorylation

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KW - Incidental nanoparticles

KW - Occupational exposure

KW - Process-generated nanoparticles

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ER -

Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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