Understanding Solidarity in Society: Triggers and Barriers for In- and Outgroup Solidarity

In this chapter we take a closer look at solidarity, focusing on solidarity (to whom do we owe) in relation to social justice (what do we owe). We will do so on both the social and the individual level guided by two main questions: 1) Why do people express solidarity with 'the other' (inclusionary (outgroup solidarity) in addition to or instead of with ‘the same’ (exclusionary ingroup solidarity)? 2) What does solidarity imply at the macro-meso level of society and what are social-psychological triggers of solidarity? In reviewing psychological and sociological literature, the chapter will highlight (a) the way solidarity can be inclusive as well as exclusive, and (b) triggers and barriers of solidarity between different identities, groups and communities. The chapter will conclude that new forms of inclusive outgroup solidarity are a reaction to the absence of collective/civic solidarity (within and between groups) by including marginalized people. These new forms of solidarity challenge existing boundaries between 'us' and 'them', requiring new modes of identification and classification. The ambiguity inherent to solidarity practices of including and excluding others also asks for a revision of solidarity theory.