Two (or more?) Cognitive approaches to stereotypeformation: Biased or Rality based

Although the stage for cognitive theories of stereotype formation and stereotyping was set by Allport's (1954) classic volume The Nature of Prejudice, two cognitive theories which have dominated research in this area have been Tajfel's accentuation theory of stereotyping (e.g., Tajfel, 1957, 1959, 1969; Tajfel & Wilkes, 1963) and Hamilton's distinctiveness theory of illusory correlation (e.g., Hamilton & Gifford, 1976). Whereas stereotype formation according to accentuation theory is the result of categorization processes, stereotype formation according to Hamilton is (or can be) the result of memory distortions in processing information about different groups. One major difference between these theories is that according to accentuation theory, stereotypes reflect an accentuation of actual differences between social categories, whereas the mechanism proposed by Hamilton does not require real group differences to exist. The focus of this chapter is to address the explanation of stereotype formation by these two theories, particularly in relation to this reality versus bias theme. In the first two sections of this chapter, we describe both research programs and illustrate the similarities as well as the differences between them. In the final section we introduce a "third" cognitive approach that helps to resolve some of the issues left unanswered.