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Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries

  • Viktoria Cologna*
  • , Niels G. Mede
  • , Sebastian Berger
  • , John Besley
  • , Cameron Brick
  • , Marina Joubert
  • , Edward W. Maibach
  • , Sabina Mihelj
  • , Naomi Oreskes
  • , Mike S. Schäfer
  • , Sander van der Linden
  • , Nor Izzatina Abdul Aziz
  • , Suleiman Abdulsalam
  • , Nurulaini Abu Shamsi
  • , Balazs Aczel
  • , Indro Adinugroho
  • , Eleonora Alabrese
  • , Alaa Aldoh
  • , Mark Alfano
  • , Innocent Mbulli Ali
    • Mohammed Alsobay, Marlene Altenmüller, R. Michael Alvarez, Richard Amoako, Tabitha Amollo, Patrick Ansah, Denisa Apriliawati, Flavio Azevedo, Ani Bajrami, Ronita Bardhan, Keagile Bati, Eri Bertsou, Cornelia Betsch, Apurav Yash Bhatiya, Rahul Bhui, Olga Białobrzeska, Michał Bilewicz, Ayoub Bouguettaya, Katherine Breeden, Amélie Bret, Ondrej Buchel, Pablo Cabrera-Álvarez, Federica Cagnoli, André Calero Valdez, Timothy Callaghan, Rizza Kaye Cases, Sami Çoksan, Gabriela Czarnek, Steven De Peuter, Ramit Debnath, Sylvain Delouvée, Lucia Di Stefano, Celia Díaz-Catalán, Kimberly C. Doell, Simone Dohle, Karen M. Douglas, Charlotte Dries, Dmitrii Dubrov, Małgorzata Dzimińska, Ullrich K.H. Ecker, Christian T. Elbaek, Mahmoud Elsherif, Benjamin Enke, Tom W. Etienne, Matthew Facciani, Antoinette Fage-Butler, Md Zaki Faisal, Xiaoli Fan, Christina Farhart, Christoph Feldhaus, Marinus Ferreira, Stefan Feuerriegel, Helen Fischer, Jana Freundt, Malte Friese, Simon Fuglsang, Albina Gallyamova, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Winfred Gatua, Oliver Genschow, Omid Ghasemi, Theofilos Gkinopoulos, Jamie L. Gloor, Ellen Goddard, Mario Gollwitzer, Claudia González-Brambila, Hazel Gordon, Dmitry Grigoryev, Gina M. Grimshaw, Lars Guenther, Håvard Haarstad, Dana Harari, Lelia N. Hawkins, Przemysław Hensel, Alma Cristal Hernández-Mondragón, Atar Herziger, Guanxiong Huang, Markus Huff, Mairéad Hurley, Nygmet Ibadildin, Maho Ishibashi, Mohammad Tarikul Islam, Younes Jeddi, Tao Jin, Charlotte A. Jones, Sebastian Jungkunz, Dominika Jurgiel, Zhangir Kabdulkair, Jo Ju Kao, Sarah Kavassalis, John R. Kerr, Mariana Kitsa, Tereza Klabíková Rábová, Olivier Klein, Hoyoun Koh, Aki Koivula, Lilian Kojan, Elizaveta Komyaginskaya, Laura König, Lina Koppel, Kochav Koren Nobre Cavalcante, Alexandra Kosachenko, John Kotcher, Laura S. Kranz, Pradeep Krishnan, Silje Kristiansen, André Krouwel, Toon Kuppens, Eleni A. Kyza, Claus Lamm, Anthony Lantian, Aleksandra Lazić, Oscar Lecuona, Jean Baptiste Légal, Zoe Leviston, Neil Levy, Amanda M. Lindkvist, Grégoire Lits, Andreas Löschel, Alberto López Ortega, Carlos Lopez-Villavicencio, Nigel Mantou Lou, Chloe H. Lucas, Kristin Lunz-Trujillo, Mathew D. Marques, Sabrina J. Mayer, Ryan McKay, Hugo Mercier, Julia Metag, Taciano L. Milfont, Joanne M. Miller, Panagiotis Mitkidis, Fredy Monge-Rodríguez, Matt Motta, Iryna Mudra, Zarja Muršič, Jennifer Namutebi, Eryn J. Newman, Jonas P. Nitschke, Ntui Njock Vincent Ntui, Daniel Nwogwugwu, Thomas Ostermann, Tobias Otterbring, Jaime Palmer-Hague, Myrto Pantazi, Philip Pärnamets, Paolo Parra Saiani, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura, Michal Parzuchowski, Yuri G. Pavlov, Adam R. Pearson, Myron A. Penner, Charlotte R. Pennington, Katerina Petkanopoulou, Marija B. Petrović, Jan Pfänder, Dinara Pisareva, Adam Ploszaj, Karolína Poliaková, Ekaterina Pronizius, Katarzyna Pypno-Blajda, Diwa Malaya A. Quiñones, Pekka Räsänen, Adrian Rauchfleisch, Felix G. Rebitschek, Cintia Refojo Seronero, Gabriel Rêgo, James P. Reynolds, Joseph Roche, Simone Rödder, Jan Philipp Röer, Robert M. Ross, Isabelle Ruin, Osvaldo Santos, Ricardo R. Santos, Philipp Schmid, Stefan Schulreich, Bermond Scoggins, Amena Sharaf, Justin Sheria Nfundiko, Emily Shuckburgh, Johan Six, Nevin Solak, Leonhard Späth, Bram Spruyt, Olivier Standaert, Samantha K. Stanley, Gert Storms, Noel Strahm, Stylianos Syropoulos, Barnabas Szaszi, Ewa Szumowska, Mikihito Tanaka, Claudia Teran-Escobar, Boryana Todorova, Abdoul Kafid Toko, Renata Tokrri, Daniel Toribio-Florez, Manos Tsakiris, Michael Tyrala, Özden Melis Uluğ, Ijeoma Chinwe Uzoma, Jochem van Noord, Christiana Varda, Steven Verheyen, Iris Vilares, Madalina Vlasceanu, Andreas von Bubnoff, Iain Walker, Izabela Warwas, Marcel Weber, Tim Weninger, Mareike Westfal, Florian Wintterlin, Adrian Dominik Wojcik, Ziqian Xia, Jinliang Xie, Ewa Zegler-Poleska, Amber Zenklusen, Rolf A. Zwaan
*Corresponding author for this work
  • Harvard University
  • University of Zurich
  • Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
  • University of Bern
  • Michigan State University
  • University of Amsterdam
  • Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
  • University of Stellenbosch
  • George Mason University
  • Loughborough University
  • University of Cambridge
  • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
  • University of Malaya
  • Eotvos Lorand University
  • University of Sheffield
  • Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia
  • University of Bath, Department of Economics
  • Macquarie University
  • Université de Dschang
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
  • Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information
  • California Institute of Technology
  • Egerton University
  • Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta
  • University of Tirana
  • University of Botswana
  • University of St. Gallen
  • University of Erfurt
  • University of Birmingham
  • SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
  • University of Warsaw
  • Harvey Mudd College
  • Université de Nantes
  • Slovak Academy of Sciences
  • Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology
  • University of Genoa
  • University of Lübeck
  • Boston University
  • University of the Philippines
  • Erzurum Teknik University
  • Western University
  • Jagiellonian University in Kraków
  • KU Leuven
  • Université Rennes 2
  • Complutense University
  • University of Vienna
  • University of Bonn
  • University of Kent
  • University of Potsdam
  • Higher School of Economics
  • University of Łódź
  • University of Western Australia
  • Aarhus University
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • University of Notre Dame
  • a2i Programme of ICT Division and UNDP Bangladesh
  • University of Alberta
  • Carleton College
  • Ruhr University Bochum
  • Knowledge Media Research Center
  • Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts
  • Saarland University
  • Universidad de Concepción
  • University of Bristol
  • Leuphana University of Lüneburg
  • University of New South Wales
  • Mexico Autonomous Institute of Technology
  • Victoria University of Wellington
  • University of Bergen
  • Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
  • University of Warsaw
  • CINVESTAV-IPN
  • City University of Hong Kong
  • University of Tübingen
  • Trinity College Dublin
  • KIMEP University
  • The University of Tokyo
  • Jahangirnagar University
  • University of Minnesota Twin Cities
  • University of Tasmania
  • University of Bamberg
  • Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
  • National Taiwan University
  • University of Otago
  • Lviv Polytechnic National University
  • Charles University
  • Université libre de Bruxelles
  • Nazarbayev University
  • University of Turku
  • University of Bayreuth
  • Linköping University
  • Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
  • Ural Federal University
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
  • University of Groningen
  • Cyprus University of Technology
  • Université Paris Nanterre
  • University of Belgrade
  • School of Medicine and Psychology
  • Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics
  • Université catholique de Louvain
  • Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
  • University of Victoria BC
  • Northeastern University
  • La Trobe University
  • Royal Holloway University of London
  • École des hautes études en sciences sociales
  • University of Münster
  • University of Waikato
  • University of Delaware
  • University of Ljubljana
  • Nkumba University
  • University of Buea
  • Bowen University
  • Witten/Herdecke University
  • University of Adger
  • Trinity Western University
  • Karolinska Institutet
  • University of Silesia in Katowice
  • Pomona College
  • Aston University
  • University of Crete
  • Max Planck Institute for Human Development
  • National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience
  • Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
  • University of Hamburg
  • Université Grenoble Alpes
  • University of Lisbon
  • NOVA University Lisbon
  • Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
  • Radboud University Nijmegen
  • Australian National University
  • Independent Researcher
  • Université Officielle de Bukavu
  • Université Catholique de Bukavu
  • TED University
  • Vrije Universiteit Brussel
  • Boston College
  • Waseda University
  • University of London
  • Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
  • University of Sussex
  • University of Nigeria
  • University of Central Lancashire, Cyprus
  • Erasmus University Rotterdam
  • New York University
  • Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
  • University of Melbourne
  • Tongji University
  • Tsinghua University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Science is crucial for evidence-based decision-making. Public trust in scientists can help decision makers act on the basis of the best available evidence, especially during crises. However, in recent years the epistemic authority of science has been challenged, causing concerns about low public trust in scientists. We interrogated these concerns with a preregistered 68-country survey of 71,922 respondents and found that in most countries, most people trust scientists and agree that scientists should engage more in society and policymaking. We found variations between and within countries, which we explain with individual- and country-level variables, including political orientation. While there is no widespread lack of trust in scientists, we cannot discount the concern that lack of trust in scientists by even a small minority may affect considerations of scientific evidence in policymaking. These findings have implications for scientists and policymakers seeking to maintain and increase trust in scientists.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)713-730
Number of pages18
JournalNature Human Behaviour
Volume9
Issue number4
Early online date20 Jan 2025
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Apr 2025

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025.

Funding

We thank D. Lombardi (University of Zurich) for managing the author list and author contributions and P. Licari (Technite) for valuable methodological advice. The following funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript: Swiss National Science Foundation Postdoc Mobility Fellowship (P500PS_202935) (V.C.); Harvard University Faculty Development Funds (V.C.); Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SI/502093–01) (S.B.); University of Zurich/IMKZ (M.S.S.); the HELTS Foundation (E.W.M.); School of Psychology, University of Sheffield (I.A. and H.G.); Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia Kemendikbudristek—LPDP provided by Balai Pembiayaan Pendidikan Tinggi (BPPT) Kemdikbudristek and LPDP Indonesia (I.A.); Department of Economics, University of Warwick (E.A.); John Templeton Foundation grant no. 61378 (M. Alfano); Australian Research Council grant no. DP190101507 (M. Alfano); Resnick Sustainability Institute (R.M.A.); Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga (D.A.); University ‘Aleksandër Moisiu’, Durrës (A. Bajrami and R.T.); Africa Albarado Fund (R. Bardhan); Cambridge Africa (R. Bardhan); ESRC GCRF (R. Bardhan); SNSF (VAR-EXP) (E.B., P.K. and A.Z.); German Research Foundation grant no. BE 3970/12-1 (C. Betsch); Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (A.Y.B.); SWPS University (O. Białobrzeska and M. Parzuchowski); University of Warsaw (M.B. and P.H.); Harvey Mudd College (K. Breeden); Boston University (Startup Funds) (T.C. and M.M.); Jagiellonian University (G.C. and E. Szumowska); Quadrature Climate Fund (R.D. and E. Shuckburgh); Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant no. OPP1144 (R.D.); EDCTP2 Programme (TMA2020CDF-3171) (I.M.A.); Cambridge Humanities Research Grant (R.D.); CRASSH grant fund for climaTRACES lab (R.D.); Keynes Fund (R.D.); UKRI ODA International Partnership Fund (R.D. and R. Bardhan); COVID-19 Rapid Response grant from the University of Vienna (K.C.D., C.L., J.P.N., E.P. and B.T.); OptimAgent (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, funding code 031L0299D) and University of Lübeck (A.C.V. and L. Kojan); Austrian Science Fund grant FWF, I3381 (K.C.D., C.L., J.P.N. and E.P.); the Austrian Science Fund FWF: W1262-B29 (C.L. and B.T.); Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft grant no. RE 4752/1-1 (C.D. and F.G.R.); David and Claudia Harding Foundation (C.D. and F.G.R.); Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University) (D.D., A.G., D.G. and E.K.); University of Lodz (M.D. and I. Warwas); Australian Research Council grant no. FT190100708 (U.K.H.E.); School of Economics Interdisciplinary funding at University of Birmingham (M.E.); Kieskompas.nl (T.W.E. and A. Krouwel); USAID (M. Facciani and T.W.); Aarhus University Research Foundation grant no. AUFF-E-2019-9-13 (A.F.-B. and S. Fuglsang); Carleton College (C. Farhart); internal project costs IWM (H.F.); Australian Research Council grant no. DP190101675 (O. Ghasemi); Government of Alberta Major Innovation Fund grant no. RES0049213 (E.G.); Conacyt grant no. A1S9013 (C.G.-B. and A.C.H.-M.); Simone Rödder (L.G.); Hixon Center for Climate and the Environment, Harvey Mudd College (L.N.H.); Faculty Research Grant of City University of Hong Kong grant no. PJ9618021 (G.H.); research grant from the College of Social Sciences, Kimep University (N.I. and Z.K.); Hitachi Fund Support for Research Related to Infectious Diseases (M.I. and M. Tanaka); JST-RISTEX ELSI grant no. JPMJRX20J3 (M.I. and M. Tanaka); School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania (C.A.J. and C.H.L.); Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania (C.A.J. and C.H.L.); University of Bamberg (S.J. and S.M.); Nicolaus Copernicus University (D.J. and A.D.W.); Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism, Charles University (T.K.R. and K. Poliaková); the John Templeton Foundation, grant no. 61580 (M.A.P.); Zhangir Kabdulkair (H.K. and B. Scoggins); Concerted Research Action grant from the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles (Belgium) (‘The Socio-Cognitive Impact of Literacy’) (O.K.); Center for Climate and Energy Transformation, University of Bergen, Norway (H.H. and S. Kristiansen); University of Turku (A. Koivula and P.R.); Victoria University of Wellington (L.S.K.); NORFACE Joint Research Programme on Democratic Governance in a Turbulent Age (T.K., K. Petkanopoulou and J.v.N.); NWO (T.K., K. Petkanopoulou and J.v.N.); European Commission through Horizon 2020 grant no. 822166 (T.K., K. Petkanopoulou and J.v.N.); Australian Research Council grant no. DP180102384 (N.L. and R.M.R.); John Templeton Foundation grant no. 62631 (N.L., R.M.R. and M. Alfano); internal research/creative project grant (N.M.L.); Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant no. 430-2022-00711 (N.M.L.); School of Psychology and Public Health Internal Grant Scheme 2022 (M.D.M.); ‘An Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective on Intellectual Humility via Intellectual Curiosity and Epistemic Deference’ from the John Templeton Foundation (H.M.); SCALUP grant from the ANR grant no. ANR-21-CE28-0016-01 (H.M.); ANR grants to PSL and the DEC ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02, and ANR-17-EURE-0017 (H.M.); University of Delaware (J.M.); School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University (E.J.N. and S.K.S.); university research budget (T. Ostermann and J.R.P.); Trinity Western University (J.P.-H.); Swedish Research Council grant no. 2020-02584 (P.P.); University of Silesia in Katowice (M.P.-C. and K.P.-B.); John Templeton Foundation Academic Cross Training Fellowship grant no. 61580; University of Warsaw under the Priority Research Area V of the ‘Excellence Initiative—Research University’ programme (A.P. and E.Z.-P.); National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (ROC) grant nos 111-2628-H-002-003- and 112-2628-H-002-002- (A.R.); the São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP grant no. 2019/26665-5 (G.R.); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—458303980 (F.G.R. and C.D.); Aston University (J.P. Reynolds); ANR PICS (I.R.); Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, UIDB/04295/2020 and UIDP/04295/2020 (O. Santos and R.R.S.); European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme grant no. 964728 (JITSUVAX) (P.S.); Université Officielle de Bukavu (J.S.N.); ETH Zurich (J.S.); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation grant no. 7F09521 (L.S. and J.S.); NOMIS Foundation (M. Tsakiris); NOMIS Foundation (R.M.); School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne (I. Walker); Observatory for Research on Media and Journalism, University of Louvain (G.L. and O. Standaert); European Research Council Advanced Grant ‘Consequences of conspiracy theories—CONSPIRACY_FX’ grant no. 101018262 (K.M.D.); Universität Hamburg (S. Schulreich); Genome Canada and Genome Alberta, Canada, LSARP Project Integrating Genomic Approaches to Improve Dairy Cattle Resilience: A Comprehensive Goal to Enhance Canadian Dairy Industry Sustainability (E.G.); Alberta Ministry of Technology and Innovation Canada, Major Innovation Fund Project AMR—One Health Consortium (E.G.); Aarhus University Research Foundation grant no. AUFF-E-2019-9-4 (P.M.); University of Hamburg (S.R., L.G. and M.J.); Resnick Sustainability Institute, Critical Zone Initiative, California Institute of Technology (R.M.A.); UK Research and Innovation under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding guarantee EP/X042758/1 (J.P. Reynolds); Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) (C.R.S., C.D.-C. and P.C.-Á.); CNPq—INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience, grant no. 406463/2022-0) (G.R. and F.A.); Swiss National Science Foundation PRIMA Grant (no. PR00P1_193128) (J.L.G.); Economic and Social Research Council, UK (grant reference no. ES/X000702/1) (S.M.); and Leverhulme International Professorship Grant (no. LIP-2022-001) (R.M.); Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV), grant no. APVV-22-0242 (O. Buchel). Open access funding provided by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.

FundersFunder number
KIMEP University
University
United States Agency for International Development
Balai Pembiayaan Pendidikan Tinggi
Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga
School of Medicine and Psychology
Australian National University
Jagiellonian University
Universität Hamburg
Aston University
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Universität Wien
Keynes Fund
Concerted Research Action
University of Birmingham
Genome Canada
University of Delaware
Turun Yliopisto
Sloan School of Management
Kemdikbudristek and LPDP Indonesia
HELTS Foundation
Hixon Center for Climate and the Environment
Resnick Sustainability Institute for Science, Energy and Sustainability, California Institute of Technology
Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología
Africa Albarado Fund
InCT
University of Warwick
Zhangir Kabdulkair
University of Melbourne
Harvey Mudd College
Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan
Global Challenges Research Fund
California Institute of Technology
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika w Toruniu
Harvard University
European Commission
Victoria University of Wellington
University of Tasmania
Universität Zürich
Centre for Marine Socioecology
Genome Alberta, Canada
Hitachi Fund Support for Research Related to Infectious Diseases
University of Bamberg
Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia Kemendikbudristek
College of Social Sciences
Universitetet i Bergen
Universität zu Lübeck
National Research University Higher School of Economics
SWPS University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Boston University
Quadrature Climate Foundation
NOMIS Stiftung
NWO
Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles
Alberta Ministry of Technology and Innovation Canada
Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism
University of Sheffield
Cambridge Humanities Research
School of Economics
IMKZ
School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences
Trinity Western University
University of Louvain
UK Research and Innovation
Université Officielle de Bukavu
Fundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaUIDB/04295/2020, UIDP/04295/2020
Australian Research CouncilDP190101507
Horizon Europe funding guaranteeEP/X042758/1
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo2019/26665-5
National Science and Technology Council111-2628-H-002-003-, 112-2628-H-002-002-
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme964728
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada430-2022-00711
Leverhulme InternationalLIP-2022-001
Vetenskapsrådet2020-02584
John Templeton Foundation61378
National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience406463/2022-0, PR00P1_193128
Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y TecnologíasA1S9013
Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationOPP1144, TMA2020CDF-3171
Carleton CollegeDP190101675
Research Institute of Science and Technology for SocietyJPMJRX20J3
Univerzita Karlova v Praze61580
Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a VývojaAPVV-22-0242
European Research Council101018262
Economic and Social Research CouncilES/X000702/1
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung031L0299D
Aarhus Universitets ForskningsfondAUFF-E-2019-9-13
Austrian Science FundI3381, W1262-B29
Uniwersytet ŁódzkiFT190100708
Major Innovation FundAUFF-E-2019-9-4
Horizon 202062631, DP180102384, 822166
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft458303980
Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit7F09521
Agence Nationale de la RechercheANR-21-CE28-0016-01
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungP500PS_202935
City University of Hong KongPJ9618021
Innovation FundRES0049213
Bundesamt für EnergieSI/502093–01
DECANR-17-EURE-0017, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02

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