Towards ecologically functional buildings: weaving ecosystem services into building development processes

Life on Earth depends on ecosystem services (ESs), but pollution and climate change threaten ecosystem functioning. This leads to loss of biodiversity, reduced production of ESs and a negative impact on human well-being. To counteract this, regenerative solutions are becoming increasingly important, especially in urban areas, which have significant environmental benefits. Cities consume more energy and resources than they generate. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate technologies such as solar panels and nature-based solutions, such as vertical green systems (VGSs) and green roofs, into building designs. However, these solutions are often not linked and underutilized. This dissertation focuses on developing regenerative and ecologically functional buildings by integrating ESs. Learning from ecosystems Ecosystems function as living systems that provide regulatory, maintenance, provisioning and cultural services. These processes must be mimicked in building designs to achieve optimal interaction between buildings and their environment. Chapter 3 identifies nine strategies that allow ecosystems to use exergy (available energy) efficiently. By implementing these strategies, buildings can generate more ESs and reduce their impact on ecosystems. Quantifying ecosystem services To measure the output of ESs in building designs, exergy analysis is essential. Currently, exergy analysis is mainly applied to engineering systems in buildings. However, nature-based designs, such as biomass and biological sensors, should be added. In practice, ESs as indicators of regeneration are more understandable and useful. A case study in Singapore examined the ecological benefits of ESs. These systems improved biodiversity, especially in deep vegetation and near trees. They also contributed to temperature regulation by cooling buildings. Although natural cliffs performed better in biodiversity, VGSs offer practical benefits for urban environments. These results complement a database that supports policymakers in developing regenerative policies. Improving ES frameworks Chapter 5 reviews existing ES frameworks to facilitate regenerative design in buildings. This resulted in 59 services applicable to buildings. A new concept links ESs to building systems and consumption flows, allowing building professionals to identify the impact of buildings on ecosystems and take regenerative action. Practice-based research Interdisciplinary action research with building professionals showed that workshops increase knowledge and motivation about regeneration. Participants were inspired to promote sustainability in their organizations. As a result, ESs were integrated into ambition plans for buildings and the environment. Conclusion The thesis highlights the need to integrate ecological processes into buildings for a more sustainable future. By implementing nature-based strategies and quantification methods, buildings can become regenerative and resilient, with a positive impact on both people and the environment.