The Histopathological Characteristic of Gastric Carcinoma in the Belgian Tervueren and Groenendael Dog: A Comparison of Two Classification Methods

Christina Kijan; Sanne Hugen; Rachel E. Thomas; Anita M. Oberbauer; Peter A. J. Leegwater; Hille Fieten; Alexander J. German; Paul J. J. Mandigers

doi:10.3390/ani13091532

The Histopathological Characteristic of Gastric Carcinoma in the Belgian Tervueren and Groenendael Dog: A Comparison of Two Classification Methods

Christina Kijan^*
, Sanne Hugen
, Rachel E. Thomas
, Anita M. Oberbauer
, Peter A. J. Leegwater
, Hille Fieten
, Alexander J. German
, Paul J. J. Mandigers^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Gastric carcinoma is generally considered to be a rare disease in dogs, carrying a grave prognosis. However, in the Tervueren and Groenendael varieties of the Belgian Shepherd dog breed, the disease is highly prevalent. While histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing gastric carcinoma, there is no general consensus on the methods for histological classification in these cases. Biopsies of a group of 61 dogs with confirmed gastric carcinoma (45 Tervueren and 16 Groenendael) were examined and classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Laurén classifications. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to compare survival between the different subtypes and simple and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the association between age of onset and breed variant, sex, neuter status, location of the tumour, inflammation score, and Laurén and WHO classifications. Mean age at diagnosis was significantly different in Groenendael (10.1 ± 2.01) and Tervueren dogs (8.5 ± 1.90). The Laurén classification resulted in 29 (48%) diffuse- and 32 (52%) intestinal-type tumours. Applying the WHO classification resulted in 30 (49%) tubular carcinoma growth patterns and 31 (51%) others. Median survival time was significantly reduced for the diffuse type as compared to the intestinal type according to the Laurén classification, with the same median survival time results for tubular compared to non-tubular subtypes according to the WHO classification (median survival time of 61 vs. 182 days, respectively). Using the WHO and Lauren classification on tumour biopsies may help the practising clinician in the prognostication of gastric carcinoma in Tervueren and Groenendael dogs.

Original language	English
Article number	1532
Number of pages	15
Journal	Animals
Volume	13
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091532
Publication status	Published - 3 May 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was funded through a grant from the Dutch Cancer fund for animals (NKfD) and support from the Dutch Belgian Shepherd breed associations. A.J.G.’s academic position at the University of Liverpool is funded by Royal Canin.

Funding Information:
A.J.G. is an employee of the University of Liverpool, but his position is financially supported by Royal Canin. He has also received financial remuneration and gifts for providing educational material, speaking at conferences and consultancy work. All such remuneration has been for projects unrelated to the current work.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.

Keywords

stomach
carcinoma
canine
pathology
Belgian Shepherd dog
Tervueren
Groenendael

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animals-13-01532Final published version, 2 MBLicence: CC BY

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title = "The Histopathological Characteristic of Gastric Carcinoma in the Belgian Tervueren and Groenendael Dog: A Comparison of Two Classification Methods",

abstract = "Gastric carcinoma is generally considered to be a rare disease in dogs, carrying a grave prognosis. However, in the Tervueren and Groenendael varieties of the Belgian Shepherd dog breed, the disease is highly prevalent. While histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing gastric carcinoma, there is no general consensus on the methods for histological classification in these cases. Biopsies of a group of 61 dogs with confirmed gastric carcinoma (45 Tervueren and 16 Groenendael) were examined and classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Laur{\'e}n classifications. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to compare survival between the different subtypes and simple and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the association between age of onset and breed variant, sex, neuter status, location of the tumour, inflammation score, and Laur{\'e}n and WHO classifications. Mean age at diagnosis was significantly different in Groenendael (10.1 ± 2.01) and Tervueren dogs (8.5 ± 1.90). The Laur{\'e}n classification resulted in 29 (48\%) diffuse- and 32 (52\%) intestinal-type tumours. Applying the WHO classification resulted in 30 (49\%) tubular carcinoma growth patterns and 31 (51\%) others. Median survival time was significantly reduced for the diffuse type as compared to the intestinal type according to the Laur{\'e}n classification, with the same median survival time results for tubular compared to non-tubular subtypes according to the WHO classification (median survival time of 61 vs. 182 days, respectively). Using the WHO and Lauren classification on tumour biopsies may help the practising clinician in the prognostication of gastric carcinoma in Tervueren and Groenendael dogs.",

keywords = "stomach, carcinoma, canine, pathology, Belgian Shepherd dog, Tervueren, Groenendael",

author = "Christina Kijan and Sanne Hugen and Thomas, \{Rachel E.\} and Oberbauer, \{Anita M.\} and Leegwater, \{Peter A. J.\} and Hille Fieten and German, \{Alexander J.\} and Mandigers, \{Paul J. J.\}",

note = "Funding Information: This research was funded through a grant from the Dutch Cancer fund for animals (NKfD) and support from the Dutch Belgian Shepherd breed associations. A.J.G.{\textquoteright}s academic position at the University of Liverpool is funded by Royal Canin. Funding Information: A.J.G. is an employee of the University of Liverpool, but his position is financially supported by Royal Canin. He has also received financial remuneration and gifts for providing educational material, speaking at conferences and consultancy work. All such remuneration has been for projects unrelated to the current work. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 by the authors.",

year = "2023",

month = may,

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doi = "10.3390/ani13091532",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

journal = "Animals",

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T1 - The Histopathological Characteristic of Gastric Carcinoma in the Belgian Tervueren and Groenendael Dog

T2 - A Comparison of Two Classification Methods

AU - Kijan, Christina

AU - Hugen, Sanne

AU - Thomas, Rachel E.

AU - Oberbauer, Anita M.

AU - Leegwater, Peter A. J.

AU - Fieten, Hille

AU - German, Alexander J.

AU - Mandigers, Paul J. J.

N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded through a grant from the Dutch Cancer fund for animals (NKfD) and support from the Dutch Belgian Shepherd breed associations. A.J.G.’s academic position at the University of Liverpool is funded by Royal Canin. Funding Information: A.J.G. is an employee of the University of Liverpool, but his position is financially supported by Royal Canin. He has also received financial remuneration and gifts for providing educational material, speaking at conferences and consultancy work. All such remuneration has been for projects unrelated to the current work. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.

PY - 2023/5/3

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N2 - Gastric carcinoma is generally considered to be a rare disease in dogs, carrying a grave prognosis. However, in the Tervueren and Groenendael varieties of the Belgian Shepherd dog breed, the disease is highly prevalent. While histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing gastric carcinoma, there is no general consensus on the methods for histological classification in these cases. Biopsies of a group of 61 dogs with confirmed gastric carcinoma (45 Tervueren and 16 Groenendael) were examined and classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Laurén classifications. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to compare survival between the different subtypes and simple and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the association between age of onset and breed variant, sex, neuter status, location of the tumour, inflammation score, and Laurén and WHO classifications. Mean age at diagnosis was significantly different in Groenendael (10.1 ± 2.01) and Tervueren dogs (8.5 ± 1.90). The Laurén classification resulted in 29 (48%) diffuse- and 32 (52%) intestinal-type tumours. Applying the WHO classification resulted in 30 (49%) tubular carcinoma growth patterns and 31 (51%) others. Median survival time was significantly reduced for the diffuse type as compared to the intestinal type according to the Laurén classification, with the same median survival time results for tubular compared to non-tubular subtypes according to the WHO classification (median survival time of 61 vs. 182 days, respectively). Using the WHO and Lauren classification on tumour biopsies may help the practising clinician in the prognostication of gastric carcinoma in Tervueren and Groenendael dogs.

AB - Gastric carcinoma is generally considered to be a rare disease in dogs, carrying a grave prognosis. However, in the Tervueren and Groenendael varieties of the Belgian Shepherd dog breed, the disease is highly prevalent. While histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing gastric carcinoma, there is no general consensus on the methods for histological classification in these cases. Biopsies of a group of 61 dogs with confirmed gastric carcinoma (45 Tervueren and 16 Groenendael) were examined and classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Laurén classifications. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to compare survival between the different subtypes and simple and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the association between age of onset and breed variant, sex, neuter status, location of the tumour, inflammation score, and Laurén and WHO classifications. Mean age at diagnosis was significantly different in Groenendael (10.1 ± 2.01) and Tervueren dogs (8.5 ± 1.90). The Laurén classification resulted in 29 (48%) diffuse- and 32 (52%) intestinal-type tumours. Applying the WHO classification resulted in 30 (49%) tubular carcinoma growth patterns and 31 (51%) others. Median survival time was significantly reduced for the diffuse type as compared to the intestinal type according to the Laurén classification, with the same median survival time results for tubular compared to non-tubular subtypes according to the WHO classification (median survival time of 61 vs. 182 days, respectively). Using the WHO and Lauren classification on tumour biopsies may help the practising clinician in the prognostication of gastric carcinoma in Tervueren and Groenendael dogs.

KW - stomach

KW - carcinoma

KW - canine

KW - pathology

KW - Belgian Shepherd dog

KW - Tervueren

KW - Groenendael

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85159137045

U2 - 10.3390/ani13091532

DO - 10.3390/ani13091532

M3 - Article

SN - 2076-2615

VL - 13

JO - Animals

JF - Animals

IS - 9

M1 - 1532

ER -

The Histopathological Characteristic of Gastric Carcinoma in the Belgian Tervueren and Groenendael Dog: A Comparison of Two Classification Methods

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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