The Grammar of Standards. Judge-dependence, Purpose-relativity, and Comparison Classes in Degree Constructions

This dissertation explores the structure and semantics of constructions based on the positive form of gradable adjectives, such as tall, long, interesting or smart. Such forms – and constructions that are based on them – contain an element of semantic indeterminacy regarding the standard of comparison that they make reference to. At the same time, there are a number of phrases that can participate in constructions with such adjectives and remove some of this indeterminacy. Examples include ‘judge’-phrases, as in ‘The ride was fun for John’; purpose-clauses, as in ‘This is a long book to assign’; comparison-class phrases, such as ‘John is tall for a 4-year-old’. The dissertation investigates these constructions, providing a syntactic and semantic analysis for each of them, motivated by an array of empirical cross-linguistic evidence. Despite the apparent similarity between these ‘standard-affecting’ phrases in terms of their overall interpretational effect, the linguistic machinery behind these effects turns out to be very different in each case upon closer examination. The linguistic perspective taken in this dissertation on the problems of the standard of comparison in the positive construction uncovers various intricacies of the standards of gradable predicates and opens up new directions for studying the semantics of adjectives and standards of comparison.