The Glacial–Interglacial transition and Holocene environmental changes in sediments from the Gulf of Taranto, central Mediterranean

An extensive, high-resolution, sedimentological–geochemical survey was done using geo-acoustics, XRF-core
scans, ICP-AES, AMS 14C-dating and grain size analyses of sediments in 11 cores from the Gulf of Taranto, the southern
Adriatic Sea, and the central Ionian Sea spanning the last 16 cal. ka BP. Comparable results were obtained for
cores from the Gallipoli Shelf (eastern Gulf of Taranto), and the southern Adriatic Sea suggesting that the dominant
provenance of Gallipoli Shelf sediments is from the western Adriatic mud belt. The 210Pb and 14C-dated highaccumulation-rate
sediments permit a detailed reconstruction of climate variability over the last 16 cal. ka BP.
Although, the Glacial–Interglacial transition is generally dry and stable these conditions are interrupted by two
phases of increased detrital input during the Bølling–Allerød and the late Younger Dryas. The event during the
Younger Dryas period is characterized by increased sediment inputs from southern Italian sources. This suggests
that run-off was higher in southern- compared to northern Italy. At approximately ~7 cal. ka BP, increased detrital
input from the Adriatic mud belt, related to sea level rise and the onset of deep water formation in the Adriatic
Sea, is observed and is coincident with the end of sapropel S1 formation in the southern Adriatic Sea. During the
mid-to-late Holocene we observed millennial-scale events of increased detrital input, e.g. during the Roman
Humid Period, and of decreased detrital input, e.g., Medieval Warm Period. These dry/wet spells are consistent
with variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). A negative state of the NAO and thus a more advanced
penetration of the westerlies into the central Mediterranean, that result in wet conditions in the research area
concord with events of high detrital input e.g., during the Roman Humid Period. In contrast, a positive state of
the NAO, resulting in dry conditions in the Mediterranean, dominated during events of rapid climate change
such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Bronze Age.