The evolution of sensitive periods beyond early ontogeny: Bridging theory and data

Nicole Walasek*, Karthik Panchanathan, Willem E. Frankenhuis

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

Abstract

Sensitive periods, in which experiences have a large impact on phenotypic development, are most common early in ontogeny. Yet, they may also occur at later ontogenetic stages, such as adolescence. At present, however, we know little about why natural selection favours sensitive periods for some traits early in ontogeny and for others later in ontogeny. This article synthesizes recent mathematical models and empirical studies that explore sensitive periods beyond early ontogeny. Across mathematical models, we observe two general patterns. First, sensitive periods emerge beyond early ontogeny when an organism's uncertainty about the environment-phenotype fit increases at later developmental stages. Second, sensitive periods emerge beyond early ontogeny when cues at later stages reduce this uncertainty more than earlier cues do. In the empirical literature, we observe that traits showing sensitive periods beyond early ontogeny tend to be social traits, particularly among mammals. Connecting theory to data, we hypothesize that mammals have evolved to expect reliable information from peers in adolescence to reduce uncertainty about the current and future social environment (e.g. social dominance, mate value). Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding and suggest future directions for strengthening bridges between empirical and theoretical studies of sensitive periods. Ultimately, we hope our synthesis will contribute towards an integrative science of sensitive periods across the biological and the social sciences. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Original languageEnglish
Number of pages12
JournalFunctional Ecology
DOIs
Publication statusE-pub ahead of print - 14 Jul 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s). Functional Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.

Funding

WEF's contributions have been supported by the Dutch Research Council (V1.Vidi.195.130) and the James S. McDonnell Foundation ( https://doi.org/10.37717/220020502 ).

FundersFunder number
James S. McDonnell Foundation
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekV1.Vidi.195.130

    Keywords

    • adolescence
    • development
    • evolution
    • modelling
    • phenotypic plasticity
    • sensitive periods

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