The effect of model bias on Atlantic freshwater transport and implications for AMOC bi-stability

Evidence from paleo-proxy records suggests that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) can be in both an AMOC on state, the AMOC as we observe it today, and an AMOC off state, where the AMOC becomes extremely weak or even collapses. The freshwater transport due to the AMOC (Mov) at 34°S in the Atlantic has often been used as an indicator for bi-stability, with a positive Mov suggesting a monostable AMOC and a negative Mov suggesting a bi-stable AMOC. Often studies have shown that the sign of the divergence of the Mov might be a good indicator ofAMOC bi-stability. In this study we investigate how model bias affects the sign of Mov across all latitudes in the Atlantic basin, through a detailed analysis of the Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project 5 (CMIP5) model ensemble. Mov, in the CMIP5 models is generally too positive in the southern Atlantic due to a salinity bias, while in the subtropical North Atlantic the values of Mov are influenced by a combination of velocity and salinity biases. We compare these results to observations, reanalysis products and Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 global configuration version 2, a current generation coupled model which exhibits a stableAMOC off state, and discuss the differences that can lead to the possibility of a bi-stable AMOC as opposed to a monostable AMOC.