The art of being flexible: how to escape from shade, salt and drought: The art of being flexible: how to excape from shade, salt and drought

Environmental stresses, such as shading of the shoot, drought, and soil salinity, threaten plant growth, yield, and survival.
Plants can alleviate the impact of these stresses through various modes of phenotypic plasticity, such as shade avoidance and
halotropism. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that control plant developmental
responses to shade, salt, and drought stress. We discuss plant hormones and cellular signaling pathways that control shoot
branching and elongation responses to shade and root architecture modulation in response to drought and salinity. Because
belowground stresses also result in aboveground changes and vice versa, we then outline how a wider palette of plant
phenotypic traits is affected by the individual stresses. Consequently, we argue for a research agenda that integrates multiple
plant organs, responses, and stresses. This will generate the scientific understanding needed for future crop improvement
programs aiming at crops that can maintain yields under variable and suboptimal conditions.