The alkalinity generation potential of olivine and oyster shell for laboratory experiments: testing the effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement

Ocean alkalinity enhancement has emerged as a predominant line of marine carbon dioxide removal research. Of paramount importance associated to OAE application is the need to understand the biological impacts. Within this context, we present a framework for generating alkaline solutions, based on an alkalinity generation potential from the dissolution of olivine (Mg-silicate) and biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in seawater that can be used for conducting biological experiments. Using established dissolution rates for both minerals as a scaling factor, we show that olivine dissolution can generate enriched seawater solutions of 9000 μmol kg⁻¹ above background alkalinity when dissolving at a pH between 5.5-6.5. Similarly, CaCO₃ dissolution from crushed oyster shell reached ∼10000 μmol kg⁻¹ at a calcite saturation state of < 0.1. Further, we assessed the sensitivities of carbonate chemistry dissociation constants and the calcium carbonate solubility on subsequent enrichment of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from mineral dissolution. This was done by modifying the calculations in CO2SYS (Matlab v3). The results showed that increased [Ca²⁺] raises pH by 0.4 units above non-enriched seawater, while enriched [Mg²⁺] lowers pCO₂ values by 20 μatm. Thus, we demonstrate how to produce necessary experimental conditions for a wide range of applications when testing biological sensitivities to OAE while accounting for the modifications to the carbonate system.