Teacher practice in secondary vocational education: Between teacher-regulated activities of student learning and student self-regulation

The interplay between teacher regulation and student self-regulation of learning is an important topic in
contemporary theories of teaching and learning. This study used mixed methods, including a student
perception inventory and observations, to investigate whether teachers differ in their regulation mode
during lessons. The results of the student perception study showed that teachers combined external,
shared and internal regulating activities. Three groups of teachers differed in the extent to which they
combined regulating activities. The classroom observations confirmed the presence of these three
groups. The results are discussed with respect to their implications for educational practice and theory.