Abstract
The partial replacement of Pb2+ by Sr2+ in MAPbI3 was investigated and its effect on the morphological, optical, and electronic behavior of the material was studied. Glass substrates with a pre-patterned indium tin oxide coating were cleaned with a detergent solution, Millipore water, and isopropanol with 5 min of sonication for each step and finally transferred to a UV?O3 chamber for 20 min. Afterward, an 80 nm thick PEDOT:PSS film was spin-coated in air at 3000 rpm for 50 s and annealed at 150°C for 15 min. Then, the substrates were transferred to an N2-filled glovebox and the PEDOT:PSS was annealed again at 120°C for 10 min during the preparation of the perovskite precursor solution. The solution was spin-coated at 1750 rpm for 2 min and the resulting layers were annealed at 85°C for 25 min. No anti-solvent dripping or particular treatment has been employed for the perovskite thin film deposition. The long charge carrier lifetimes, as observed by TRMC, corroborate the effect of the Sr2+ insertion on the charge extraction efficiency. The origin of these effects is, however, not completely clear. We have shown effects on the crystal size and surface properties such as decreased crystal dimensions and roughness, surface Sr2+ enrichment, and also an increase in the perovskite work function upon Sr2+ incorporation in the perovskite film.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 9839-9845 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | Advanced Materials |
Volume | 28 |
Issue number | 44 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2016 |
Externally published | Yes |
Funding
The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Union H2020 project INFORM (Grant No. 675867), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) via the Unidad de Excelencia Mar?a de MaeztuMDM-2015-0538, MAT2014-55200-R, and PCIN-2015-255 and the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo/2012/053). M.S. thanks the MINECO for a post-doctoral (JdC) contract. P.S. and J.J.B. were supported by the hybrid perovskite solar cell program of the National Center for Photovoltaics funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Solar Energy Technology under Award No. DE-AC36-08GO28308DOE with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Keywords
- doping
- lifetime
- perovskites
- solar cells
- strontium