Abstract
Magnetic fields are ubiquitous across different physical systems of current interest; from the early Universe, compact astrophysical objects, and heavy-ion collisions to condensed matter systems. A proper treatment of the effects produced by magnetic fields during the dynamical evolution of these systems can help to understand observables that otherwise show puzzling behavior. Furthermore, when these fields are comparable to or stronger than ΛQCD, they serve as excellent probes to help elucidate the physics of strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions of temperature and density. This work provides a detailed report that contains in-depth analysis and expert insights into the specific topic of the effects of strong magnetic fields on QED and QCD systems. In this sense, the report is intended as a white paper contribution to the field. The subjects developed include the modification of meson static properties such as masses and form factors, the chiral magnetic effect, the description of anomalous transport coefficients, superconductivity in extreme magnetic fields, the properties of neutron stars, the evolution of heavy-ion collisions, as well as effects on the QCD phase diagram. We describe recent theory and phenomenological developments using effective models as well as LQCD methods. The work was motivated by presentations and discussions during the “Workshop on Strongly Interacting Matter in Strong Electromagnetic Fields” that took place in the European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*) in the city of Trento, Italy, September 25–29, 2023.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 104199 |
| Journal | Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics |
| Volume | 146 |
| Issue number | Part 1 |
| Early online date | 12 Sept 2025 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Jan 2026 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2025 The Authors
Funding
This work has been supported by STRONG-2020 “The strong interaction at the frontier of knowledge: fundamental research and applications” which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824093. M.K. was supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-SC0012447. The material presented in this article is based in part upon work done while C.C. was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists, Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) program. The SCGSR program is administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) for the DOE. ORISE is managed by ORAU under contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author's and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of DOE, ORAU, or ORISE. CC is currently supported in part by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) under the VICI grant VI.C.202.104. S.G. was supported in part by the Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- FG88ER40388 and in part by a Feodor Lynen Research fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt foundation and is also supported by the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-97ER (UW Nuclear Theory). Part of the material presented in this work is based upon work done while S.G. was supported by the Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program which is sponsored by the US Department of State and the German-American Fulbright Commission and the DAAD. J.H. is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen through a Junior Postdoctoral Fellowship. Research by J.H. is also supported by FWO-Vlaanderen project G012222N, and by Vrije Universiteit Brussel through the Strategic Research Program High-Energy Physics. A.M. was financed, in part, by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brasil, Process Number 2023/08826-7. The work of G.E. E.G.V. and G.M. was funded by the DFG (Collaborative Research Center CRC-TR 211 “Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions” - project number 315477589 - TRR 211). G.E. acknowledges support by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Research Grant Hungary). E.G.V. acknowledges support by the Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research (HGS-HIRe for FAIR). The work of P.B. was funded in part by the UK STFC Consolidated Grant ST/T000988/1. This work was partially supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), 312032/2023-4 (R.L.S.F.); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), Grants Nos. 19/2551- 0000690-0 and 19/2551-0001948-3 (R.L.S.F.); The work is also part of the project Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia- Física Nuclear e Aplicações (INCT - FNA), Grant No. 464898/2014-5, by Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) under Grant No. SEI-260003/019544/2022 (W.R.T) and Grant No. SEI-260003/019683/2022 (T.R.). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001 (R.M.N.) and Grant no. 88887.826087/2023-00 (R.P.C). A.B. acknowledges the support from the Alexander von Humboldt foundation. C.V. acknowledge financial support from ANID/FONDECYT under Grant No. 1250206. P.M.L. acknowledges partial support from the Polish National Science Center (NCN) under the Opus grant no. 2022/45/B/ST2/01527. The work of G.K. is a part of the project INCT-FNA proc. No. 464898/2014-5. G.K. is also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grant No. 309262/2019-4 and by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) under Grant No. 2018/25225-9. The work of V.S.T. is also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grant No. 305004/2022-0 and by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) under Grant No. 2019/10889-1. The work of A.A. was supported by UNAM-PAPIIT grant number IG100322 and by Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología grant number CF-2023-G-433 and also acknowledges support from the PASPA program pf the Dirección de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) for a sabbatical stay duringh which this work was completed. The work of L.T. is supported under contract No. PID2022-139427NB-I00 financed by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE; by the Generalitat de Catalunya under contract 2021 SGR 00171; by Generalitat Valenciana under contract PROMETEO/2020/023; from the project CEX2020-001058-M (Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”); from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the program H2020-INFRAIA-2018-1, grant agreement No. 824093 of the STRONG-2020 project; and from the CRC-TR 211 ’Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions’- project Nr. 315477589 - TRR 211. A.S. is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Grant No. SE 1836/5-3 and the Polish National Science Center (NCN) Grant No. 2023/51/B/ST9/02798. K.D.M. thanks the financial support from the São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP), under Grant No. 2024/01623-6. The work of M.C. D.G.D. and N.N.S. has been partially funded by CONICET (Argentina) under Grant No. PIP 2022 GI-11220210100150CO, by ANPCyT (Argentina) under Grant No. PICT20-01847. The work of D.G.D. has also been funded by the National University of La Plata (Argentina), Project No. X824. S.N. acknowledges support by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain), and European Regional Development Fund Grant No. PID2019-105439GB-C21, by EU Horizon 2020 Grant No. 824093 (STRONG-2020), and by Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana, GVA PROMETEO/2021/083. The work was also partially supported by national funds from FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P, Portugal) under projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively, and the project 2022.06460.PTDC with the associated DOI identifier 10.54499/2022.06460.PTDC. H.P. acknowledges the grant 2022.03966.CEECIND (FCT, Portugal) with DOI identifier 10.54499/2022.03966.CEECIND/CP1714/CT0004. L.S. acknowledges the PhD grant 2021.08779.BD (FCT, Portugal) with DOI identifier 10.54499/2021.08779.BD. P.A. is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics and Quantum Horizons Program under Award Number DE-SC0024385. P.A. also acknowledges the hospitality of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, through which the research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF PHY-1748958. M.E.T-Y acknowledges support by Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnologia grant number A1-S-7655. The work of O.L. is a part of the project INCT-FNA proc. No. 464898/2014-5. It was also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grants No. 307255/2023-9 and 401565/2023-8 (Universal) and by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) under Grant No. 2022/03575-3 (BPE). O.L. and M.D. also thank support from the Thematic Project No. 2024/17816-8 (FAPESP). The work of M.D. is a part of the project INCT-FNA proc. No. 464898/2014-5. It is also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grant No. 308528/2021-2 and No. 401565/2023-8 (Universal). This study was also financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 - Project number 88887.687718/2022-0. F.L.B. is a member of INCT-FNA, 464898/2014-5 and he acknowledges partial support also from CNPq-312750/2021-8 and CNPq-407162/2023-2. The work of M.N.C. was funded by the EU's NextGenerationEU instrument through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of Romania- Pillar III-C9-I8, managed by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, within the project entitled “Facets of Rotating Quark-Gluon Plasma” (FORQ), contract no. 760079/23.05.2023 code CF 103/15.11.2022. D.B. received support from the Polish National Science Center (NCN) under Grant No. 2021/43/P/ST2/03319. V.S.T. was supported by FAPESP (grant2019/10889-1) and CNPq (grant 305004/2022-0). S.S.A. acknowledges partial support from CNPq-308963/2023-7 and INCT-FNA. B.M. acknowledges a project funded by SERB, India, with Ref. No. CRG/2022/003460, for partial support towards this research. M.D. acknowledges the Prime Minister's Research Fellows (PMRF) scheme, with Ref. No. TF/PMRF-22-5442.03. Z.Z. acknowledges the Prime Minister's Research Fellows (PMRF) scheme, with Ref. No. TF/PMRF-22-7307, for providing fellowship. E.M. thanks finantial support from ANID Fondecyt Project No. 1230440. M.L. and R.Z. acknowledge support from ANID/CONICYT FONDECYT regular (Chile) under grants numbers 1220035 and 1241436. This work has been supported by STRONG-2020 “The strong interaction at the frontier of knowledge: fundamental research and applications” which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824093 . M.K. was supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-SC0012447 . The material presented in this article is based in part upon work done while C.C. was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists, Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) program . The SCGSR program is administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) for the DOE. ORISE is managed by ORAU under contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of DOE, ORAU, or ORISE. CC is currently supported in part by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) under the VICI grant VI.C.202.104 . S.G. was supported in part by the Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- FG88ER40388 and in part by a Feodor Lynen Research fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt foundation . Part of the material presented in this work is based upon work done while S.G. was supported by the Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program which is sponsored by the US Department of State and the German-American Fulbright Commission and the DAAD . J.H. is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen through a Junior Postdoctoral Fellowship. Research by J.H. is also supported by FWO-Vlaanderen project G012222N , and by Vrije Universiteit Brussel through the Strategic Research Program High-Energy Physics. A.M. was financed, in part, by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brasil , Process Number 2023/08826-7 . The work of G.E., E.G.V. and G.M. was funded by the DFG (Collaborative Research Center CRC-TR 211 “Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions” - project number 315477589 - TRR 211). G.E. acknowledges support by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Research Grant Hungary). E.G.V. acknowledges support by the Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research (HGS-HIRe for FAIR) . The work of P.B. was funded in part by the UK STFC Consolidated Grant ST/T000988/1 . This work was partially supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) , 312032/2023-4 (R.L.S.F.); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) , Grants Nos. 19/2551- 0000690-0 and 19/2551-0001948-3 (R.L.S.F.); The work is also part of the project Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia- Física Nuclear e Aplicações (INCT - FNA) , Grant No. 464898/2014-5 , by Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) under Grant No. SEI-260003/019544/2022 (W.R.T). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001 (R.M.N.) and Grant no. 88887.826087/2023-00 (R.P.C). A.B. acknowledges the support from the Alexander von Humboldt foundation . C.V. acknowledge financial support from ANID/FONDECYT under Grant No. 1190192 . P.M.L. acknowledges partial support from the Polish National Science Center (NCN) under the Opus grant no. 2022/45/B/ST2/01527 . The work of G.K. is a part of the project INCT-FNA proc. No. 464898/2014-5. G.K. is also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grant No. 309262/2019-4 and by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) under Grant No. 2018/25225-9 . The work of V.S.T. is also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grant No. 305004/2022-0 and by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) under Grant No. 2019/10889-1 . The work of A.A. was supported by UNAM-PAPIIT grant number IG100322 and by Consejo Nacional de Humanidades , Ciencia Tecnología grant number CF-2023-G-433 . The work of L.T. is supported under contract No. PID2022-139427NB-I00 financed by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE ; by the Generalitat de Catalunya under contract 2021 SGR 00171 ; by Generalitat Valenciana under contract PROMETEO/2020/023 ; from the project CEX2020-001058-M (Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”); from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the program H2020-INFRAIA-2018-1, grant agreement No. 824093 of the STRONG-2020 project; and from the CRC-TR 211 ’Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions’- project Nr. 315477589 - TRR 211. A.S. is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Grant No. SE 1836/5-3 and the Polish National Science Center (NCN) Grant No. 2023/51/B/ST9/02798 . K.D.M. thanks the financial support from the São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP), under Grant No. 2024/01623-6 . The work of M.C., D.G.D. and N.N.S. has been partially funded by CONICET (Argentina) under Grant No. PIP 2022 GI-11220210100150CO , by ANPCyT (Argentina) under Grant No. PICT20-01847 . The work of D.G.D. has also been funded by the National University of La Plata (Argentina) , Project No. X824. S.N. acknowledges support by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain) , and European Regional Development Fund Grant No. PID2019-105439GB-C21 , by EU Horizon 2020 Grant No. 824093 (STRONG-2020), and by Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana , GVA PROMETEO/2021/083 . The work was also partially supported by national funds from FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P, Portugal) under projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020 , with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively, and the project 2022.06460.PTDC with the associated DOI identifier 10.54499/2022.06460.PTDC. H.P. acknowledges the grant 2022.03966.CEECIND (FCT, Portugal) with DOI identifier 10.54499/2022.03966.CEECIND/CP1714/CT0004. L.S. acknowledges the PhD grant 2021.08779.BD (FCT, Portugal) with DOI identifier 10.54499/2021.08779.BD. P.A. is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics and Quantum Horizons Program under Award Number DE-SC0024385 . P.A. also acknowledges the hospitality of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, through which the research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF PHY-1748958 . M.E.T-Y acknowledges support by Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia Tecnologia grant number A1-S-7655 . The work of O.L. is a part of the project INCT-FNA proc. No. 464898/2014-5. It was also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grants No. 307255/2023-9 and 401565/2023-8 (Universal) and by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) under Grant No. 2022/03575-3 (BPE). The work of M.D. is a part of the project INCT-FNA proc. No. 464898/2014-5. It is also supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Grant No. 308528/2021-2 and No. 401565/2023-8 (Universal). This study was also financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 - Project number 88887.687718/2022-0 . F.L.B. is a member of INCT-FNA, 464898/2014-5 and he acknowledges partial support also from CNPq-312750/2021-8 and CNPq-407162/2023-2 . The work of M.N.C. was funded by the EU’s NextGenerationEU instrument through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of Romania - Pillar III-C9-I8, managed by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, within the project entitled “Facets of Rotating Quark-Gluon Plasma” (FORQ), contract no. 760079/23.05.2023 code CF 103/15.11.2022. D.B. received support from the Polish National Science Center (NCN) under Grant No. 2021/43/P/ST2/03319 . V.S.T. was supported by FAPESP (grant 2019/10889-1 ) and CNPq (grant 305004/2022-0 ).
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists | |
| Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research | |
| Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara | |
| Narodowe Centrum Nauki | |
| U.S. Department of State | |
| Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării şi Digitalizării | |
| Ciencia Tecnologia | |
| Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education | |
| Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | |
| Ciencia Tecnología | |
| Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst | |
| Vrije Universiteit Brussel | |
| InCT | |
| German-American Fulbright Program | |
| Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal | |
| Fund for Santa Barbara | |
| Agencia Estatal de Investigación | |
| Consejo Nacional de Humanidades | |
| Office of Science Graduate Student Research Program | |
| Office of Science | |
| U.S. Department of Energy | DE-SC0012447 |
| Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías | 2024/17816-8, 2022/03575-3, 307255/2023-9, CF-2023-G-433, 88887.687718/2022-0, 308528/2021-2, 401565/2023-8, A1-S-7655 |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | STRONG-2020, 824093, 315477589, H2020-INFRAIA-2018-1 |
| FORQ | 760079/23.05.2023, 2021/43/P/ST2/03319, CNPq-308963/2023-7 |
| Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul | 19/2551-0001948-3, 19/2551- 0000690-0 |
| NCN | 309262/2019-4, 2022/45/B/ST2/01527 |
| Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo | 2024/01623-6, 2023/08826-7, 2018/25225-9, 305004/2022-0, 2019/10889-1, 315477589 - TRR 211 |
| Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo | 1230440 |
| Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | UIDP/04564/2020, 2022.06460, 2021.08779, CEECIND/CP1714/CT0004, 2022.03966, UIDB/04564/2020 |
| Generalitat Valenciana | PROMETEO/2020/023, CEX2020-001058-M |
| Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | G012222N |
| National Recovery and Resilience Plan of Romania | III-C9-I8 |
| Oak Ridge Associated Universities | DE-SC0014664 |
| Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica | 1220035, 1241436 |
| Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung | DE-FG02-97ER |
| Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, IG100322, PID2022-139427NB-I00 |
| Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico | 1250206, 1190192 |
| Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | VI.C.202.104 |
| Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia: Física Nuclear e Aplicações | CNPq-407162/2023-2, CNPq-312750/2021-8 |
| Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica | PICT20-01847 |
| Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas | PIP 2022 GI-11220210100150CO |
| European Regional Development Fund | PID2019-105439GB-C21 |
| Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana | GVA PROMETEO/2021/083 |
| National Science Foundation | PHY-1748958 |
| Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro | SEI-260003/019683/2022, SEI-260003/019544/2022 |
| Prime Minister's Research Fellows | TF/PMRF-22-5442.03, TF/PMRF-22-7307 |
| Nuclear Physics | DE- FG88ER40388, DE-SC0024385 |
| Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | 2023/51/B/ST9/02798, SE 1836/5-3 |
| Suomen Sairaanhoitajat ry | 464898/2014-5 |
| Generalitat de Catalunya | 2021 SGR 00171 |
| Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | 88887.826087/2023-00 |
| Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico | 312032/2023-4 |
| Science and Technology Facilities Council | ST/T000988/1 |
| Universidad Nacional de La Plata | X824 |
| Science and Engineering Research Board | CRG/2022/003460 |
Keywords
- Lattice quantum chromodynamics
- Magnetic fields
- Neutron stars
- Quantum chromodynamics
- Quantum electrodynamics