Robust constraints on average radial lower mantle anisotropy and consequences for composition and texture

Seismic anisotropy has been observed in the upper mantle (<660 km depth) and the lowermost ~150-250 km of the mantle (the D″ region), while the remainder of the lower mantle is believed to be isotropic. Here, we used centre frequencies for spheroidal and toroidal normal modes together with a neural-network-based technique to infer probability density functions for the average radial anisotropy in the lower mantle. We show, for the first time, a robust observation that the average lower mantle is anisotropic (mainly in the parameter η) below 1900 km depth, challenging the consensus that this part of the mantle is isotropic. The mass density also shows a well-constrained positive deviation from existing models at the same depths. Using existing mineral physics data, our results are compatible with an average lower mantle that is about 100-200 K colder than commonly-assumed adiabats and that consists of a mixture of about 60-65% perovskite and 35-40% ferropericlase containing 10-15% iron. If further a crystal alignment mechanism is assumed, the observed anisotropy can constrain the orientation of the two minerals and suggests a new window to study the nature of flow in the lower mantle.