Protective or connective professionalism? How connected professionals can (still) act as autonomous and authoritative experts

Traditionally, professionals such as medical doctors, lawyers, and academics are protected. They work within well-defined jurisdictions, belong to specialized segments, have been granted autonomy, and have discretionary spaces. In this way, they can be socialized, trained, and supervised, caserelated considerations and decisions can be substantive (instead of commercial), and decisions can be taken independently. Ideally, these decisions are authoritative and accepted, both by clients as well as society (stakeholders) who trust professional services. This ideal-typical but also 'ideal' imagery always had its flaws; nowadays, shortcomings are increasingly clear. 'Protective professionalism' is becoming outdated. Due to heterogeneity and fragmentation within professional fields, the interweaving of professional fields, and dependencies of professional actions on outside worlds, professionals can no longer isolate themselves from others and outsiders. At first sight, this leads to a 'decline', 'withering away', or 'hollowing out' of professionalism. Or it leads to attempts to 'reinstall', 'reinvent', or 'return to' professional values and spaces. In this article, we avoid such 'all or nothing' perspectives on changing professionalism and explore the 'reconfiguration' of professionalism. Professional identities and actions can be adapted and might become 'hybrid', 'organized', and 'connected'. Professional and organizational logics might be interrelated; professionals might see organizational (or organizing) duties as belonging to their work; and professional fields might open up to outside worlds. We particularly explore connective professionalism, arguing that we need more fundamental reflections and redefinitions of what professionalism means and what professionals are. We focus on the question of how professional action can be related to others and outsiders and remain 'knowledgeable', 'autonomous', and 'authoritative' at the same time. This can no longer be a matter of expertise, autonomy, and authority as fixed and closed entities. These crucial dimensions of professional action become relational and processual. They have to be enacted on a continuous basis, backed by mechanisms that make professionalism knowledgeable, independent, and authoritative in the eyes of others.