Abstract
The deactivation mechanism of the widely used zeolite ZSM-5 catalysts remains unclear to date due to the lack of analytical techniques with sufficient sensitivity and/or spatial resolution. Herein, a combination of hyperspectral confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) and tip-enhanced fluorescence (TEFL) microscopy is used to study the formation of different coke (precursor) species involved in the deactivation of zeolite ZSM-5 during the methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) reaction. CFM submicron-scale imaging shows a preferential formation of graphite-like coke species at the edges of zeolite ZSM-5 crystals within 10 min of the MTH reaction ( i.e., working catalyst), whilst the amount of graphite-like coke species uniformly increased over the entire zeolite ZSM-5 surface after 90 min ( i.e., deactivated catalyst). Furthermore, TEFL nanoscale imaging with ∼35 nm spatial resolution revealed that formation of coke species on the zeolite ZSM-5 surface is non-uniform and a relatively larger amount of coke is formed at the crystal steps, indicating a higher initial catalytic activity.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 5795-5801 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | Catalysis Science & Technology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue number | 19 |
Early online date | 9 Sept 2022 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 9 Sept 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2022 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Funding
Authors acknowledge financial support from European Union through ERC grant no. 741431 (2D Nano-Spec). B. M. W. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) in the frame of a Gravitation Program, MCEC (Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion), as well as from the Advanced Research Center (ARC) Chemical Buildings Blocks Consortium (CBBC), a public-private research consortium in the Netherlands ( arc-cbbc.nl ). Dr. Özgün Attila and Dr. Laurens Mandemaker from Utrecht University and Cedric Wüthrich from ETH Zurich are thanked for useful scientific discussions. Authors acknowledge financial support from European Union through ERC grant no. 741431 (2D Nano-Spec). B. M. W. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) in the frame of a Gravitation Program, MCEC (Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion), as well as from the Advanced Research Center (ARC) Chemical Buildings Blocks Consortium (CBBC), a public-private research consortium in the Netherlands (arc-cbbc.nl). Dr. Özgün Attila and Dr. Laurens Mandemaker from Utrecht University and Cedric Wüthrich from ETH Zurich are thanked for useful scientific discussions.
Funders | Funder number |
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Advanced Research Center | |
Chemical Buildings Blocks Consortium | |
MCEC | |
Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion | |
European Commission | |
European Research Council | 741431 |
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich | |
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek |