Phylodynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Circulating in Indonesian Poultry

Desniwaty Karo-Karo, Rogier Bodewes, Restuadi Restuadi, Alex Bossers, Agustiningsih Agustiningsih, Jan Arend Stegeman, Guus Koch, David Handojo Muljono*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

Abstract

After its first detection in 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus has spread extensively worldwide. HPAIv A(H5N1) was first detected in Indonesia in 2003 and has been endemic in poultry in this country ever since. However, Indonesia has limited information related to the phylodynamics of HPAIv A(H5N1) in poultry. The present study aimed to increase the understanding of the evolution and temporal dynamics of HPAIv H5N1 in Indonesian poultry between 2003 and 2016. To this end, HPAIv A(H5N1) hemagglutinin sequences of viruses collected from 2003 to 2016 were analyzed using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. Results indicated that the common ancestor of Indonesian poultry HPAIv H5N1 arose approximately five years after the common ancestor worldwide of HPAI A(H5Nx). In addition, this study indicated that only two introductions of HPAIv A(H5N1) occurred, after which these viruses continued to evolve due to extensive spread among poultry. Furthermore, this study revealed the divergence of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c from H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1b. Both clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.2.1b share a common ancestor, clade 1, suggesting that clade 2.3.2.1 originated and diverged from China and other Asian countries. Since there was limited sequence and surveillance data for the HPAIv A(H5N1) from wild birds in Indonesia, the exact role of wild birds in the spread of HPAIv in Indonesia is currently unknown. The evolutionary dynamics of the Indonesian HPAIv A(H5N1) highlight the importance of continuing and improved genomic surveillance and adequate control measures in the different regions of both the poultry and wild birds. Spatial genomic surveillance is useful to take adequate control measures. Therefore, it will help to prevent the future evolution of HPAI A(H5N1) and pandemic threats.

Original languageEnglish
Article number2216
Pages (from-to)1-13
Number of pages13
JournalViruses
Volume14
Issue number10
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 8 Oct 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This study was funded by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW) Project No. SPIN3-JRP-61 as a part of the Scientific Programme Indonesia-Netherlands (SPIN).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.

Keywords

  • Bayesian evolutionary analysis
  • H5N1
  • HPAI
  • Indonesia
  • phylodynamic

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