Performance and shower shape studies with EPICAL-2

J. Keul; J. Alme; R. Barthel; V. Borshchov; R. Bosley; A. van den Brink; H. Büsching; O. S. Groettvik; T. Peitzmann; F. Pliquett; M. Protsenko; K. Røed; T. S. Rogoschinski; D. Röhrich; M. J. Rossewij; J. Schöngarth; E. H. Solheim; N. B. Sundstrom; I. Tymchuk; K. Ullaland; N. K. Watson; H. Yokoyama

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954

Performance and shower shape studies with EPICAL-2

J. Keul^*
, J. Alme
, R. Barthel
, V. Borshchov
, R. Bosley
, A. van den Brink
, H. Büsching
, O. S. Groettvik
, T. Peitzmann
, F. Pliquett
, M. Protsenko
, K. Røed
, T. S. Rogoschinski
, D. Röhrich
, M. J. Rossewij
, J. Schöngarth
, E. H. Solheim
, N. B. Sundstrom
, I. Tymchuk
, K. Ullaland

N. K. Watson, H. Yokoyama

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

A prototype of a novel digital electromagnetic calorimeter, EPICAL-2, has been developed. The R&D is performed in the context of the ALICE-FoCal and is closely related to studies of imaging in proton CT. Digital calorimetry also proves promising for future collider projects such as EIC, ILC, CLIC, or FCC. Based on a proof-of-principle with a first prototype, EPICAL-2 has been constructed as an advanced second prototype. EPICAL-2 consists of 24 layers with alternating tungsten absorbers and ALPIDE MAPS. The design features an active area of approximately 27x30mm² and a depth of 20 radiation lengths, totaling over 25 million pixels. EPICAL-2 test-beam measurements were performed at DESY in February 2020 and CERN-SPS in September 2021. Simulations of the EPICAL-2 detector have been carried out with the Allpix² framework. Performance studies with EPICAL-2 show promising energy response and resolution. Beyond its main calorimetric abilities, EPICAL-2 allows for detailed shower shape studies. Measurements of the longitudinal and lateral shower shape and the Molière radius have been carried out, indicating strong shower separation power of the EPICAL-2’s design.

Original language	English
Article number	170954
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	1082
Issue number	Part 1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954
Publication status	Published - Feb 2026

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 The Authors

Keywords

Calorimeter methods
Calorimetry
Electromagnetic showers
Monolithic active pixel sensors

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10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954Licence: CC BY

1-s2.0-S0168900225007569-mainFinal published version, 641 KBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Keul, J., Alme, J., Barthel, R., Borshchov, V., Bosley, R., van den Brink, A., Büsching, H., Groettvik, O. S., Peitzmann, T., Pliquett, F., Protsenko, M., Røed, K., Rogoschinski, T. S., Röhrich, D., Rossewij, M. J., Schöngarth, J., Solheim, E. H., Sundstrom, N. B., Tymchuk, I., ... Yokoyama, H. (2026). Performance and shower shape studies with EPICAL-2. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1082(Part 1), Article 170954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954

@article{38fe7dfc4e5a475a8dc7b06071b42c67,

title = "Performance and shower shape studies with EPICAL-2",

abstract = "A prototype of a novel digital electromagnetic calorimeter, EPICAL-2, has been developed. The R\&D is performed in the context of the ALICE-FoCal and is closely related to studies of imaging in proton CT. Digital calorimetry also proves promising for future collider projects such as EIC, ILC, CLIC, or FCC. Based on a proof-of-principle with a first prototype, EPICAL-2 has been constructed as an advanced second prototype. EPICAL-2 consists of 24 layers with alternating tungsten absorbers and ALPIDE MAPS. The design features an active area of approximately 27x30mm2 and a depth of 20 radiation lengths, totaling over 25 million pixels. EPICAL-2 test-beam measurements were performed at DESY in February 2020 and CERN-SPS in September 2021. Simulations of the EPICAL-2 detector have been carried out with the Allpix2 framework. Performance studies with EPICAL-2 show promising energy response and resolution. Beyond its main calorimetric abilities, EPICAL-2 allows for detailed shower shape studies. Measurements of the longitudinal and lateral shower shape and the Moli{\`e}re radius have been carried out, indicating strong shower separation power of the EPICAL-2{\textquoteright}s design.",

keywords = "Calorimeter methods, Calorimetry, Electromagnetic showers, Monolithic active pixel sensors",

author = "J. Keul and J. Alme and R. Barthel and V. Borshchov and R. Bosley and \{van den Brink\}, A. and H. B{\"u}sching and Groettvik, \{O. S.\} and T. Peitzmann and F. Pliquett and M. Protsenko and K. R{\o}ed and Rogoschinski, \{T. S.\} and D. R{\"o}hrich and Rossewij, \{M. J.\} and J. Sch{\"o}ngarth and Solheim, \{E. H.\} and Sundstrom, \{N. B.\} and I. Tymchuk and K. Ullaland and Watson, \{N. K.\} and H. Yokoyama",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 The Authors",

year = "2026",

month = feb,

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954",

language = "English",

volume = "1082",

journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",

issn = "0168-9002",

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Keul, J, Alme, J, Barthel, R, Borshchov, V, Bosley, R, van den Brink, A, Büsching, H, Groettvik, OS, Peitzmann, T, Pliquett, F, Protsenko, M, Røed, K, Rogoschinski, TS, Röhrich, D, Rossewij, MJ, Schöngarth, J, Solheim, EH, Sundstrom, NB, Tymchuk, I, Ullaland, K, Watson, NK & Yokoyama, H 2026, 'Performance and shower shape studies with EPICAL-2', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 1082, no. Part 1, 170954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954

TY - JOUR

T1 - Performance and shower shape studies with EPICAL-2

AU - Keul, J.

AU - Alme, J.

AU - Barthel, R.

AU - Borshchov, V.

AU - Bosley, R.

AU - van den Brink, A.

AU - Büsching, H.

AU - Groettvik, O. S.

AU - Peitzmann, T.

AU - Pliquett, F.

AU - Protsenko, M.

AU - Røed, K.

AU - Rogoschinski, T. S.

AU - Röhrich, D.

AU - Rossewij, M. J.

AU - Schöngarth, J.

AU - Solheim, E. H.

AU - Sundstrom, N. B.

AU - Tymchuk, I.

AU - Ullaland, K.

AU - Watson, N. K.

AU - Yokoyama, H.

PY - 2026/2

Y1 - 2026/2

N2 - A prototype of a novel digital electromagnetic calorimeter, EPICAL-2, has been developed. The R&D is performed in the context of the ALICE-FoCal and is closely related to studies of imaging in proton CT. Digital calorimetry also proves promising for future collider projects such as EIC, ILC, CLIC, or FCC. Based on a proof-of-principle with a first prototype, EPICAL-2 has been constructed as an advanced second prototype. EPICAL-2 consists of 24 layers with alternating tungsten absorbers and ALPIDE MAPS. The design features an active area of approximately 27x30mm2 and a depth of 20 radiation lengths, totaling over 25 million pixels. EPICAL-2 test-beam measurements were performed at DESY in February 2020 and CERN-SPS in September 2021. Simulations of the EPICAL-2 detector have been carried out with the Allpix2 framework. Performance studies with EPICAL-2 show promising energy response and resolution. Beyond its main calorimetric abilities, EPICAL-2 allows for detailed shower shape studies. Measurements of the longitudinal and lateral shower shape and the Molière radius have been carried out, indicating strong shower separation power of the EPICAL-2’s design.

AB - A prototype of a novel digital electromagnetic calorimeter, EPICAL-2, has been developed. The R&D is performed in the context of the ALICE-FoCal and is closely related to studies of imaging in proton CT. Digital calorimetry also proves promising for future collider projects such as EIC, ILC, CLIC, or FCC. Based on a proof-of-principle with a first prototype, EPICAL-2 has been constructed as an advanced second prototype. EPICAL-2 consists of 24 layers with alternating tungsten absorbers and ALPIDE MAPS. The design features an active area of approximately 27x30mm2 and a depth of 20 radiation lengths, totaling over 25 million pixels. EPICAL-2 test-beam measurements were performed at DESY in February 2020 and CERN-SPS in September 2021. Simulations of the EPICAL-2 detector have been carried out with the Allpix2 framework. Performance studies with EPICAL-2 show promising energy response and resolution. Beyond its main calorimetric abilities, EPICAL-2 allows for detailed shower shape studies. Measurements of the longitudinal and lateral shower shape and the Molière radius have been carried out, indicating strong shower separation power of the EPICAL-2’s design.

KW - Calorimeter methods

KW - Calorimetry

KW - Electromagnetic showers

KW - Monolithic active pixel sensors

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105014349863

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170954

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105014349863

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 1082

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

IS - Part 1

M1 - 170954

ER -

Performance and shower shape studies with EPICAL-2

Abstract

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Keywords

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