Parasites of the mind: Why cultural theorists need the meme's eye view

Maarten Boudry, S.T. Hofhuis

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

Abstract

Are there any such things as mind parasites? By analogy with biological parasites, such cultural items are supposed to subvert or harm the interests of their host. The hypothesis of cultural parasitism has appeared in different guises in the burgeoning field of cultural evolution. To unpack the notion of mind parasites, we first clear some conceptual ground around the concept of cultural adaptation and its relation to human agency. We then formulate Millikan’s challenge: how can cultural items develop novel purposes of their own, cross-cutting or subverting our own personal purposes? If this central challenge is not met, talk of cultural ‘parasites’ or ‘selfish memes’ remains vacuous. First, we discuss why other attempts to answer Millikan’s challenge have failed. In particular, we put to rest the claims of panmemetics, a somewhat sinister worldview according to which human culture is nothing more than a swarm of selfish agents, plotting and scheming behind the scenes. Next, we reject a more reasonable, but still overly permissive approach to mind parasites, which equates them with biologically maladaptive culture. Finally, we present our own answer to Millikan’s challenge: certain systems of misbelief can be fruitfully treated as cultural parasites, designed by cultural evolution to subvert the interests of their human hosts. As a proof of concept, we discuss witchcraft beliefs in early modern Europe, and show how the meme’s eye view promises to shed new light on a mystery that historians and social scientists have been wrestling with for decades.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)155-167
Number of pages13
JournalCognitive Systems Research Journal
Volume52
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 28 Jun 2018

Keywords

  • Mind parasites
  • Cultural adaptation
  • Misbeliefs
  • Meme’s eye view
  • Witch persecutions
  • Maladaptive culture

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