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Pantropical tree rings show small effects of drought on stem growth

  • Tropical Tree-Ring Network
  • , Pieter A. Zuidema*
  • , Peter Groenendijk
  • , Mizanur Rahman
  • , Valerie Trouet
  • , Abrham Abiyu
  • , Rodolfo Acuña-Soto
  • , Eduardo Adenesky-Filho
  • , Raquel Alfaro-Sánchez
  • , Claudio Roberto Anholetto
  • , José Roberto Vieira Aragão
  • , Gabriel Assis-Pereira
  • , Claudia C. Astudillo-Sánchez
  • , Ana Carolina Barbosa
  • , Giovanna Battipaglia
  • , Hans Beeckman
  • , Paulo Cesar Botosso
  • , Nils Bourland
  • , Achim Bräuning
  • , Roel Brienen
    • Matthew Brookhouse, Supaporn Buajan, Brendan M. Buckley, J. Julio Camarero, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, Gregório Ceccantini, Librado R. Centeno-Erguera, Julián Cerano-Paredes, Rosalinda Cervantes-Martínez, Wirong Chanthorn, Ya Jun Chen, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra, Eladio Heriberto Cornejo-Oviedo, Otoniel Cortés-Cortés, Clayane Matos Costa, Camille Couralet, Doris Bianca Crispín-De-La-Cruz, Rosanne D'arrigo, Diego A. David, Maaike De Ridder, Jorge Ignacio Del Valle, Mário Dobner, Jean Louis Doucet, Oliver Dünisch, Brian J. Enquist, Karin Esemann-Quadros, Gerardo Esquivel-Arriaga, Ze Xin Fan, Adeline Fayolle, Tatiele Anete Bergamo Fenilli, Tommy Wils
*Corresponding author for this work
  • extern
  • Universidade Estadual de Campinas
  • Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
  • University of Arizona
  • Belgian Climate Centre
  • World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
  • UniversidadNacional Autónoma de Mexico
  • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
  • Universidade Regional de Blumenau
  • Natural Resources Canada
  • University of Castilla-La Mancha
  • Mamiraua Institute forSustainable Development
  • Universidade Federal do Ceará
  • Universidade de São Paulo
  • Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais
  • Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias
  • Universidade Federal de Lavras
  • University of CampaniaL. Vanvitelli
  • Royal Museum for Central Africa
  • Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
  • Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
  • University of Leeds
  • Australian National University
  • Mahidol University
  • Columbia University
  • CSIC - Pyrenean Institute of Ecology
  • Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango
  • Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias
  • Universidad Autonóma Agraria Antonio Narro
  • Kasetsart University
  • CAS - Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden
  • University of Birmingham
  • Universidade Federal de Sergipe
  • Universidad Continental
  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia Medellin
  • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
  • University of Liege
  • Master School for Carpentry and Cabinetmaking
  • Santa Fe Institute
  • Universidade da Região de Joinville
  • CIRAD
  • ULiège

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Increasing drought pressure under anthropogenic climate change may jeopardize the potential of tropical forests to capture carbon in woody biomass and act as a long-term carbon dioxide sink. To evaluate this risk, we assessed drought impacts in 483 tree-ring chronologies from across the tropics and found an overall modest stem growth decline (2.5% with a 95% confidence interval of 2.2 to 2.7%) during the 10% driest years since 1930. Stem growth declines exceeded 10% in 25% of cases and were larger at hotter and drier sites and for gymnosperms compared with angiosperms. Growth declines generally did not outlast drought years and were partially mitigated by growth stimulation in wet years. Thus, pantropical forest carbon sequestration through stem growth has hitherto shown drought resilience that may, however, diminish under future climate change.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)532-538
Number of pages7
JournalScience
Volume389
Issue number6759
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 31 Jul 2025
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved.

Funding

fellowship (M.I.L.H.); CONACYT grant CB2016-283134 (J.V.D.); CONACYT grant CB-2016-283134 (L.R.C.E.); CONAFOR-CONACYT grant C01-234547 (J.C.P.); CONAFOR-CONACYT grant CONAFOR-2014 (L.R.C.E.); CONCYTEC Peru and World Bank grant 043-2019-FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV (J.G.I.); CONICET grant PIP-11220200102929CO (M.E.F.); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (E.A.F.); Copel Geração e Transmisão S.A. grant PD-06491-0405-2015 (A.K.M.); CUOMO Foundation (M.M.); DAAD (M.I.); DFG grant BR 1895/15-1 (A.B.); DFG grant BR 1895/23-1 (A.B.); DFG grant BR 1895/29-1 (A.B.); Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Loja (D.P.C.); Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico of the UNAM (Mexico) (R.B.); Estudios dendrocronológicos en las Sierras Madre Occidental, Oriental y del Sur de México, grant 38111-4251030012346 (E.C.O.); FACEPE grant IBPG-1418-5.00/21 (D.B.C.C.); FAPEAM grant 01.02.016301.02630/2022-76 (J.S.); FAPEMAT (F.A.L.); FAPEMIG grant APQ-01544-22 (A.C.B.); FAPEMIG grant APQ-02541-14 (G.A.P.); FAPESC grant 2019TR65 (T.A.B.F.); FAPESP grant 12/50457-4 (G.C.); FAPESP grant 2009/53951-7 (M.T.F.); FAPESP grant 2017/50085-3 (G.C., G.M.L., and D.R.O.R.); FAPESP grant 2018/01847-0 (P.G.); FAPESP grant 2018/07632-6 (M.G.V.); FAPESP grant 2018/22914-8 (D.R.O.R.); FAPESP grant 2018/24514-7 (J.R.V.A.) FAPESP grant 2019/08783-0 (G.M.L.); FAPESP grant 2019/09813-0 (M.G.V.); FAPESP grant 2020/04608-7 (D.R.O.R.); FAPESP-NERC grant 18/50080-4 (G.C.); FAPITEC (C.S.L. and A.S.R.); FAPITEC/SE/FUNTEC grant 01/2011 (M.A.P.); FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology grant UIDB/04033/2020 (J.L.P.C.L.); FONDECYT grant BM-INC.INV 039-2019 (M.E.F.); Fulbright Fellowship (B.J.E.); German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) (M.R.); German Research Council (M.M.); HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation (M.E.F.); IAI-SGP-CRA grant 2047 (J.V.D.); IFS grant D/5466-1 (J.H.S.); IFS grant D/5466-1 (J.N.); Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research IAI (F.A.R.); ITTO Fellowship Award 046/12S (E.J.R.R.); Lamont Climate Center (B.M.B.); Mahidol University grant FRB660042/0185 (N.P.); María Zambrano postdoctoral research program MZ2021 (RaAS); Minciencias grant 1118-714-51372 (I.R.N.M.); Ministerio Ciencia grant TED2021-129770B-C22 (R.S.S.); National Geographic Global Exploration Fund grant GEFNE80-13 (I.R.); National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 31870591 (P.F.); National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant N42A660392 (P.T.); NSF grant AGS-1501321 (D.G.S.); NSF (B.M.B.); NSF CREST grant 0833211 (K.S.F.); NSF grant IBN-9801287 (A.J.L.); NSF grant AGS-1501321 (G.A.P.); NSF grant AGS-2102888 (J.M.); NSF grant AGS-2102938 (G.L.H.); NSF grant GER 9553623 (B.J.E.); NSF postdoctoral fellowship (B.J.E.); NSF-FAPESP PIRE grant 2017/50085-3 (C.F. and M.T.F.); NSF-FAPESP PIRE grant 2019/27110-7 (C.F.); NUFFIC (J.H.S. and J.N.); NUFFIC-NICHE (E.M.); We thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-Panama and S. Bernal (RaAS) for support and assistance. H. Muller-Landau and S. Joseph Wright (RaAS) supervised the project. COOMFLONA - FLONA TAPAJÓS, Universidade do Oeste do Pará (BH), Sutó Company, and A. Chavez at Consultora Forestal Bosques e Industria (KPV) and the logging company AMATA (DROR) provided fieldwork support. R. Franklin, G. Guada, Q. Hakkaart, A. Nijmeijer, and P. van der Sleen (KPV) provided laboratory support. This work was supported by AECID grant 11-CAP2-1730 (J.J.C.); Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina grant PICT 2014-2797 (M.E.F.); Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina grant PICT 2019-01336 (M.E.F.); BBVA Foundation (J.J.C.); Belspo BRAIN grant BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD (H.B.); CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (T.L.S.); CAPES grant 88887.199858/2018-00 (G.A.P.); CAPES grant 88887.495294/2020-00 (B.H.); CAPES (P.G.); CAPES/PDSE grant 15011/13-5 (M.A.P.); CGIAR (M.M.); CNPq grant 140849/2015-7 (A.K.M.); CNPq ENV grant FRG 0339638 (O.D.); CNPq grant 1009/4785031-2 (G.C.); CNPq grant 140277/2024-2 (D.B.C.C.); CNPq grant 311247/2021-0 (J.S.); CNPq grant 405923/2021-0 (M.C.S.); CNPq grant 406062/2023-4 (M.C.S.); CNPq grant 441811/2020-5 (J.S.); CNPq grant PQ 313129/2022-3 (A.C.B.); CONACYT Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología México master fellowship (M.I.L.H.); CONACYT grant CB2016-283134 (J.V.D.); CONACYT grant CB-2016-283134 (L.R.C.E.); CONAFOR-CONACYT grant C01-234547 (J.C.P.); CONAFOR-CONACYT grant CONAFOR-2014 (L.R.C.E.); CONCYTEC Peru and World Bank grant 043-2019-FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV (J.G.I.); CONICET grant PIP-11220200102929CO (M.E.F.); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (E.A.F.); Copel Geração e Transmisão S.A. grant PD-06491-0405-2015 (A.K.M.); CUOMO Foundation (M.M.); DAAD (M.I.); DFG grant BR 1895/15-1 (A.B.); DFG grant BR 1895/23-1 (A.B.); DFG grant BR 1895/29-1 (A.B.); Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Loja (D.P.C.); Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico of the UNAM (Mexico) (R.B.); Estudios dendrocronológicos en las Sierras Madre Occidental, Oriental y del Sur de México, grant 38111-4251030012346 (E.C.O.); FACEPE grant IBPG-1418-5.00/21 (D.B.C.C.); FAPEAM grant 01.02.016301.02630/2022-76 (J.S.); FAPEMAT (F.A.L.); FAPEMIG grant APQ-01544-22 (A.C.B.); FAPEMIG grant APQ-02541-14 (G.A.P.); FAPESC grant 2019TR65 (T.A.B.F.); FAPESP grant 12/50457-4 (G.C.); FAPESP grant 2009/53951-7 (M.T.F.); FAPESP grant 2017/50085-3 (G.C., G.M.L., and D.R.O.R.); FAPESP grant 2018/01847-0 (P.G.); FAPESP grant 2018/07632-6 (M.G.V.); FAPESP grant 2018/22914-8 (D.R.O.R.); FAPESP grant 2018/24514-7 (J.R.V.A.) FAPESP grant 2019/08783-0 (G.M.L.); FAPESP grant 2019/09813-0 (M.G.V.); FAPESP grant 2020/04608-7 (D.R.O.R.); FAPESP-NERC grant 18/50080-4 (G.C.); FAPITEC (C.S.L. and A.S.R.); FAPITEC/SE/FUNTEC grant 01/2011 (M.A.P.); FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology grant UIDB/04033/2020 (J.L.P.C.L.); FONDECYT grant BM-INC.INV 039-2019 (M.E.F.); Fulbright Fellowship (B.J.E.); German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) (M.R.); German Research Council (M.M.); HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation (M.E.F.); IAI-SGP-CRA grant 2047 (J.V.D.); IFS grant D/5466-1 (J.H.S.); IFS grant D/5466-1 (J.N.); Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research IAI (F.A.R.); ITTO Fellowship Award 046/12S (E.J.R.R.); Lamont Climate Center (B.M.B.); Mahidol University grant FRB660042/0185 (N.P.); María Zambrano postdoctoral research program MZ2021 (RaAS); Minciencias grant 1118-714-51372 (I.R.N.M.); Ministerio Ciencia grant TED2021-129770B-C22 (R.S.S.); National Geographic Global Exploration Fund grant GEFNE80-13 (I.R.); National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 31870591 (P.F.); National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant N42A660392 (P.T.); NSF grant AGS-1501321 (D.G.S.); NSF (B.M.B.); NSF CREST grant 0833211 (K.S.F.); NSF grant IBN-9801287 (A.J.L.); NSF grant AGS-1501321 (G.A.P.); NSF grant AGS-2102888 (J.M.); NSF grant AGS-2102938 (G.L.H.); NSF grant GER 9553623 (B.J.E.); NSF postdoctoral fellowship (B.J.E.); NSF-FAPESP PIRE grant 2017/50085-3 (C.F. and M.T.F.); NSF-FAPESP PIRE grant 2019/27110-7 (C.F.); NUFFIC (J.H.S. and J.N.); NUFFIC-NICHE (E.M.); PIRE-CREATE grant 2017/50085-3 (M.G.V.); PROCAD-AM grant 88887.625854/2021-00 (B.H.); Proyectos de generacion de conocimiento grant PID2021-123675OB-C44 (R.S.S.); Schlumberger Foundation (J.H.S. and J.N.); short-term fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (RaAS); Sigma Xi (A.J.L.); Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (K.P.V.); Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (P.T.); The Copperbelt University (J.H.S. and J.N.); The National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions grant 406455/2022-8 (F.A.L.); UK NERC grant NE/K01353X/1 (E.G.); UKRI grant EP/X025098/1 (N.J.L.); UKRI grant NE/B501504 (N.J.L.); UNAM-PAPIIT grant IN110223 (L.V.S.); Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (E.C.O.); World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (K.P.V.); Xunta de Galicia grant ED431C 2023/19 (G.P.L.); and Xunta de Galicia grant ED481D 2023/012 (G.P.L.). PIRE-CREATE grant 2017/50085-3 (M.G.V.); PROCAD-AM grant 88887.625854/2021-00 (B.H.); Proyectos de generacion de conocimiento grant PID2021-123675OB-C44 (R.S.S.); Schlumberger Foundation (J.H.S. and J.N.); short-term fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (RaAS); Sigma Xi (A.J.L.); Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (K.P.V.); Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (P.T.); The Copperbelt University (J.H.S. and J.N.); The National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions grant 406455/2022-8 (F.A.L.); UK NERC grant NE/K01353X/1 (E.G.); UKRI grant EP/X025098/1 (N.J.L.); UKRI grant NE/B501504 (N.J.L.); UNAM-PAPIIT grant IN110223 (L.V.S.); Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (E.C.O.); World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (K.P.V.); Xunta de Galicia grant ED431C 2023/19 (G.P.L.); and Xunta de Galicia grant ED481D 2023/012 (G.P.L.). Author contributions: Conceptualization: P.A.Z., F.B., P.G., M.R.,VT; Data analysis: P.A.Z., F.B., M.R., P.G.; Data contribution: all authors except F.B.; Writing – original draft: P.A.Z. and F.B. with important contributions from V.T., M.R., P.G.; Writing – review & editing: all authors. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All tree growth anomalies during and after drought years from the 483 tree-ring chronologies included in the study are provided as data S1.All 483 chronologies (from 1930 onward) are publicly available at Dryad (54). Raw tree-ring width measurements for all 483 chronologies are publicly available free of charge and for all research purposes on the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) (55). Links to the raw data of all 483 chronologies available on the ITRDB are included in data S1 and in the file metadata_FINAL.csv on Dryad (54).All code to build chronologies from raw tree-ring data, process climate data, conduct superposed epoch analyses, analyze statistics, and produce figures has been deposited on Dryad (54). License information: Copyright © 2025 the authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original US government works. https://www.science.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse We thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-Panama and S. Bernal (RaAS) for support and assistance. H. Muller-Landau and S.Joseph Wright (RaAS) supervised the project. COOMFLONA - FLONATAPAJÓS, Universidade do Oeste do Pará (BH), Sutó Company, and A. Chavez at Consultora Forestal Bosques e Industria (KPV) and the logging company AMATA (DROR) provided fieldwork support. R. Franklin, G. Guada, Q. Hakkaart,A. Nijmeijer, and P. van der Sleen (KPV) provided laboratory support. Funding: This work was supported by AECID grant 11-CAP2-1730 (J.J.C.); Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica,Argentina grant PICT 2014-2797 (M.E.F.); Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica,Argentina grant PICT 2019-01336 (M.E.F.); BBVA Foundation (J.J.C.); Belspo BRAIN grant BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD (H.B.); CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (T.L.S.); CAPES grant 88887.199858/2018-00 (G.A.P.); CAPES grant 88887.495294/2020-00 (B.H.); CAPES (P.G.); CAPES/PDSE grant 15011/13-5 (M.A.P.); CGIAR (M.M.); CNPq grant 140849/2015-7 (A.K.M.); CNPq ENV grant FRG 0339638 (O.D.); CNPq grant 1009/4785031-2 (G.C.); CNPq grant 140277/2024-2 (D.B.C.C.); CNPq grant 311247/2021-0 (J.S.); CNPq grant 405923/2021-0 (M.C.S.); CNPq grant 406062/2023-4 (M.C.S.); CNPq grant 441811/2020-5 (J.S.); CNPq grant PQ 313129/2022-3 (A.C.B.); CONACYT Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología México master

FundersFunder number
Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research IAI
RaAS
FAPITEC
Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe
NERC
International Tropical Timber Organization
Lamont Climate Center
Nuffic
Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University
DAAD
Schlumberger Foundation
FAPESP
Universidad Nacional de Loja
NUFFIC-NICHE
CONCYTEC Peru and World Bank
FAPESP-NERC
Copperbelt University
World Wildlife Fund
International Foundation for Science
FAPEMAT
HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
CONACYT
Mahidol UniversityMZ2021, 1118-714-51372, FRB660042/0185
CUOMO Foundation
Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers
Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
Sigma Xia
Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco
Universidade do Oeste do Pará
FCT
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Paraguay
National Research Council of Thailand
NSF
CONAFOR-CONACYT
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
UKRI
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico of the UNAM
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Xunta de GaliciaED481D 2023/012, ED431C 2023/19
Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology
Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation
German Research Council
Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro
ITTO
Chulalongkorn University
Fondecyt
NSF CREST
Sigma Xi
NSF-FAPESP
National Natural Science Foundation of China31870591
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
German Academic Exchange Service
UNAM-PAPIIT
Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro
FAPITEC/SE/FUNTEC01/2011
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica043-2019-FONDECYT-BM-INC
Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y TecnologíasC01-234547, CONAFOR-2014, CB-2016-283134
FAPEAM01.02.016301.02630/2022-76
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo2018/24514-7, 2017/50085-3, 18/50080-4, 2009/53951-7, 2018/07632-6, 2019/08783-0, 12/50457-4, 2019/09813-0, 2018/22914-8, 2018/01847-0, 2019/27110-7, 2020/04608-7
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior15011/13-5, 88887.495294/2020-00, 88887.199858/2018-00
National Science FoundationGER 9553623, AGS-2102888, AGS-2102938, 0833211, IBN-9801287, AGS-1501321
IFSD/5466-1
Ministerio CienciaTED2021-129770B-C22
Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo11-CAP2-1730
UK Research and InnovationEP/X025098/1, NE/B501504
Estudios dendrocronológicos en las Sierras Madre Occidental, Oriental y del Sur de México38111-4251030012346
FAPESC2019TR65
Fundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaUIDB/04033/2020
BM-INCINV 039-2019
NRCTN42A660392
FAPEMIGAPQ-02541-14, APQ-01544-22
Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y TecnológicaPICT 2014-2797, PICT 2019-01336
CONICETPIP-11220200102929CO
National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant Physiology406455/2022-8
Fundación BBVABR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoIN110223
FACEPEIBPG-1418-5.00/21
Natural Environment Research CouncilNE/K01353X/1
Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher EducationPID2021-123675OB-C44, 88887.625854/2021-00
Copel Geração e Transmisão S.A.PD-06491-0405-2015
IAI-SGP-CRA2047
National Geographic Global Exploration FundGEFNE80-13
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico1009/4785031-2, 405923/2021-0, 140849/2015-7, 441811/2020-5, 140277/2024-2, FRG 0339638, PQ 313129/2022-3, 311247/2021-0, 406062/2023-4
DFGBR 1895/23-1, BR 1895/15-1, BR 1895/29-1

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    1. SDG 13 - Climate Action
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