Nonequilibrium capillarity effects in two-phase flow through porous media at different scales

A series of primary drainage experiments was carried out in order to investigate nonequilibrium capillarity effects in two-phase flow through porous media. Experiments were performed with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and water as immiscible fluids in a sand column 21 cm long. Four drainage experiments were performed by applying large pressures on the nonwetting phase at the inlet boundary: 20, 30, 35, 38 kPa. Our results showed that the nonequilibrium local fluids pressure difference-saturation curves are above the capillary pressure saturation curve. Moreover, the nonequilibrium pressure difference showed a nonmonotonic behavior with an overshoot that was more pronounced at higher injection pressures. The dynamic capillarity coefficient ${\tau}$ was calculated from measured local pressures and saturations (the scale of sensor devices, 0.7 cm). Its value was found to vary between 1.3 × 105 to 2 × 105 Pa s. Within the saturation range of 0.50 > Sw > 0.85, no clear dependency of the dynamic coefficient on the wetting saturation was observed. Also, no dependency of the dynamic capillarity coefficient on the applied boundary pressure was found. Averaged values of $[\tau ]$ at the length scales of 11 and 18 cm were also estimated from averaged pressures and saturations. The upscaled dynamic coefficient was found to vary between 0.5 × 106 and 1.2 × 106 Pa s at the average window size of 11 cm. This is one order of magnitude larger than the local-scale coefficient. Larger values were found for the length scale of 18 cm: 1.5 × 106 and 2.5 × 106 Pa s. This suggests that the value of dynamic coefficient increases with the scale of observation