MORPHODYNAMIC IMPACT OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON THE WESTERN SCHELDT ESTUARY AND ITS MOUTH REGION: INSIGHTS FROM AN IDEALIZED MODELING STUDY

Estuaries lie at the interface of land and sea, and are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise (SLR). Understanding the impact of SLR on the long-term (order decades to centuries) morphodynamic evolution of estuaries is of great importance to successfully manage these areas, such as maintaining shipping routes and preserving ecosystems.
An analysis of historical water level data at Vlissingen (Figure 1) between 1900 and present revealed that mean sea level has been rising at about 2 mm/yr. Moreover, these data shows that the amplitude of M2 tidal constituent has been rising as well during this period (Figure 2), which most likely is caused by the rising mean sea level (Pickering et al. 2012, Idier et al, 2017).
The specific aims of this study are 1) to investigate the impact of SLR (2 mm/yr) on long-term evolution of the Western Scheldt and its mouth region, 2) to systematically explore sensitivity of model results to different rates of SLR (0-10 mm/yr), and 3) to address the combined effect of SLR and changes in tidal characteristics on the evolution of the estuary. To this end, the coupled SWAN-Delft3D numerical model is used, which accounts for both flow and waves. A curvilinear grid is created, which extends from Ghent to 30 km seaward. As a wave climate, a highly simplified wave forcing (constant wave height, wave periods and wave direction) is considered. The methodology employed is that first the model is spun-up until a bathymetry is obtained that is comparable to observations. Subsequently, the latter bathymetry is used to address the objectives.