Abstract

Low-stress medication principles and techniques are key aspects of optimal health care delivery for birds and small mammals. When paired with the medical details of patient management, by balancing medication techniques, the probability of clinical success on the highest ethical and welfare criteria can be greatly enhanced. This review addresses both the effects and the disadvantages of using forceful, coercive, and fear-evoking methods as well as the benefits, principles, and possible applications of low-stress medication in the veterinary setting.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)261-285
Number of pages25
JournalVeterinary Clinics of North America - Exotic Animal Practice
Volume21
Issue number2
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - May 2018

Keywords

  • Animal Welfare
  • Animals
  • Birds
  • Fear
  • Mammals
  • Stress, Physiological
  • Stress, Psychological/prevention & control
  • Veterinary Medicine/methods

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