Leveraging successional facilitation to improve restoration of foundational dune grasses along a frequently disturbed coastline

Coastal ecosystems provide critical storm and flood protection but are rapidly degrading worldwide, making their restoration urgent. We evaluated whether successional facilitation, where pioneers facilitate climax species, could be leveraged to accelerate coastal dune revegetation. A survey spanning 270 km of Southeast U.S. coastline revealed that Panicum amarum (bitter panicum) supported higher plant richness than Uniola paniculata (sea oats) and that sea oat cover was 230% greater on mature dunes than disturbed dunes, suggesting bitter panicum functions as a pioneer and sea oats as a climax species. A reciprocal transplant experiment confirmed this interpretation: bitter panicum stem production and height fell by 37% and >20 cm, respectively, when planted proximate to sea oats versus in isolation, whereas sea oats produced 38% more and >12 cm taller stems when planted proximate to bitter panicum versus in isolation. A second experiment evaluating the density-dependence of this facilitative interaction revealed that sea oats transplanted into low densities of bitter panicum grew >15% taller than isolated and high-density treatments. However, within 7 months, wave inundation eliminated over 60% of propagules in both experiments. To explore foredune inundation frequency and its implications for dune revegetation, we applied empirical wave runup models at 101 locations throughout Volusia County, Florida. While disturbance frequency varied seasonally and annually, sites with low dune crests and steep beach slopes experienced frequent inundation (>50 events/year). Given the interactions between geomorphology and vegetation success, we present a decision matrix to guide managers in determining optimal revegetation methods tailored to project goals and site conditions.