Language use, language attitudes, and identity in Aruba: Is Aruban Papiamento under threat?

This study investigates the language situation in Aruba, a Caribbean island
that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The main home language in
Aruba is Papiamento, a Spanish/Portuguese lexifier creole, but Dutch was
the only official language for centuries. English and Spanish are also widely
used due to immigration, tourism, and the media.
Carroll (2009, 2010, 2015) observes that Papiamento has high vitality, but
also signals that speakers think that the language is under threat due to the
increase in the use of English and Spanish. The aim of this study is to
examine to what extent Carroll’s findings may be corroborated by a
quantitative survey that accessed the views of a large group of people (809)
from all over the island. The results indicate that Papiamento is the most
frequently cited language regardless of backgrounds. People hold positive
attitudes toward Papiamento and Aruban identity. Hence, our findings
corroborate Carroll’s hypothesis that sentiments of language threat are
mostly based in perception rather than in actual language use and attitudes.