International veterinary canine dyskinesia task force ECVN consensus statement: Terminology and classification

Sofia Cerda-Gonzalez, Rebecca A Packer, Laurent Garosi, Mark Lowrie, Paul J J Mandigers, Dennis P O'Brien, Holger A Volk

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

Abstract

Movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes in humans and animals characterized by involuntary movements without changes in consciousness. Canine movement disorders broadly include tremors, peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorders, paroxysmal dyskinesia, and dystonia. Of these, canine paroxysmal dyskinesias remain one of the more difficult to identify and characterize in dogs. Canine paroxysmal dyskinesias include an array of movement disorders in which there is a recurrent episode of abnormal, involuntary, movement. In this consensus statement, we recommend standard terminology for describing the various movement disorders with an emphasis on paroxysmal dyskinesia, as well as a preliminary classification and clinical approach to reporting cases. In the clinical approach to movement disorders, we recommend categorizing movements into hyperkinetic vs hypokinetic, paroxysmal vs persistent, exercise-induced vs not related to exercise, using a detailed description of movements using the recommended terminology presented here, differentiating movement disorders vs other differential diagnoses, and then finally, determining whether the paroxysmal dyskinesia is due to either inherited or acquired etiologies. This consensus statement represents a starting point for consistent reporting of clinical descriptions and terminology associated with canine movement disorders, with additional focus on paroxysmal dyskinesia. With consistent reporting and identification of additional genetic mutations responsible for these disorders, our understanding of the phenotype, genotype, and pathophysiology will continue to develop and inform further modification of these recommendations.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1218-1230
Number of pages13
JournalJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Volume35
Issue number3
Early online date26 Mar 2021
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 May 2021

Bibliographical note

© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

Keywords

  • dystonia
  • movement disorder
  • myoclonus
  • myokymia
  • myotonia
  • paroxysmal dyskinesia

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