Innovating local representative democracy: how citizens evaluate new roles of elected and non-elected representatives

In many Western countries, citizens tend to support democratic ideals, while at the
same time being increasingly critical of the functioning of key democratic institutions,
including political representation. This paper explores how the innovation of representative
democracy might help to resolve this Democratic Paradox as presented by Robert Dahl that is
experienced by many citizens. Taking people’s views as a starting point, our main question is:
How do citizens evaluate innovative roles of elected and non-elected representatives, and
what are the implications of these evaluations in terms of strengthening local democracy?
Using unique survey-data from the 2018 Dutch Local Election Studies, we answer this
question by building upon theories of political representation by both elected and non-elected
representatives, which are actors such as social or medical professionals who are not
authorized through political election, but nevertheless claim to represent citizens’ interests.
On this basis, we conclude that Dutch citizens are not particularly satisfied with the
performance of their elected representatives. Furthermore, our analyses suggest two
innovations that, in combination, can help address the challenges posed by the Democratic
Paradox. First, in response to the rise of interactive and collaborative governance, elected
representatives could consider adopting new roles as democratic facilitators and monitors.
Second, as part of these new roles, elected representatives could consider innovating
representative democracy by integrating non-elected representatives in the local representative
system, as the involvement of these non-elected representatives might address the weaknesses
of the current system.