Abstract
AIMS: In clinical practice, factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) like albuminuria, education level, or coronary artery calcium (CAC) are often known, but not incorporated in cardiovascular risk prediction models. The aims of the current study were to evaluate a methodology for the flexible addition of risk modifying characteristics on top of SCORE2 and to quantify the added value of several clinically relevant risk modifying characteristics.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Individuals without previous CVD or DM were included from the UK Biobank; Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC); Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA); European Prospective Investigation into Cancer, The Netherlands (EPIC-NL); and Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) studies (n = 409 757) in whom 16 166 CVD events and 19 149 non-cardiovascular deaths were observed over exactly 10.0 years of follow-up. The effect of each possible risk modifying characteristic was derived using competing risk-adjusted Fine and Gray models. The risk modifying characteristics were applied to individual predictions with a flexible method using the population prevalence and the subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of the relevant predictor. Risk modifying characteristics that increased discrimination most were CAC percentile with 0.0198 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.0115; 0.0281] and hs-Troponin-T with 0.0100 (95% CI 0.0063; 0.0137). External validation was performed in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) cohort (UK, n = 518 015, 12 675 CVD events). Adjustment of SCORE2-predicted risks with both single and multiple risk modifiers did not negatively affect calibration and led to a modest increase in discrimination [0.740 (95% CI 0.736-0.745) vs. unimproved SCORE2 risk C-index 0.737 (95% CI 0.732-0.741)].
CONCLUSION: The current paper presents a method on how to integrate possible risk modifying characteristics that are not included in existing CVD risk models for the prediction of CVD event risk in apparently healthy people. This flexible methodology improves the accuracy of predicted risks and increases applicability of prediction models for individuals with additional risk known modifiers.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 1705-1714 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | European Journal of Preventive Cardiology |
Volume | 30 |
Issue number | 15 |
Early online date | 2 Jun 2023 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 26 Oct 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.
Funding
Conflict of interest: Dr. Matsushita received funding from the National Institutes of Health during the study and personal fees from Fukuda Denshi, Kowa Company, and the American Medical Group Association outside of the submitted work. L.P. is funded by a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946) S.K. is funded by a BHF Chair award (CH/12/2/29428). The MESA study was supported by contracts 75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, 75N92020D00005, N01-HC-95160, 75N92020D00002, N01-HC-95161, 75N92020D00003, N01-HC-95162, 75N92020D00006, N01-HC-95163, 75N92020D00004, N01-HC-95164, 75N92020D00007, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and by grants UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001420 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract nos. 75N92022D00001, 75N92022D00002, 75N92022D00003, 75N92022D00004, and 75N92022D00005. This work was supported by core funding from the: British Heart Foundation (RG/18/13/33946), the BHF Chair Award (CH/12/2/29428), the Cambridge British Health Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/1/34212), and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014; NIHR203312) [*].
Funders | Funder number |
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Cambridge British Health Foundation Centre of Research Excellence | RE/18/1/34212 |
National Institutes of Health | |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | 75N92022D00003, 75N92022D00004, 75N92022D00001, 75N92022D00002, 75N92022D00005 |
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute | UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-001420, UL1-TR-000040 |
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences | |
American Medical Association | |
British Heart Foundation | CH/12/2/29428, RG/18/13/33946 |
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre | NIHR203312, BRC-1215-20014 |
Keywords
- Biomarkers
- Cardiovascular
- Coronary calcium score
- Risk prediction
- Risk stratification
- SCORE2