Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns were a widely used strategy to reduce disease transmission. However, there was much debate about the optimal level of strictness and duration of lockdowns. This study considers how lockdowns impact public health opinions, which in turn influence adherence to and effectiveness of these measures. We developed an agent-based simulation model to theoretically explore the impact of health-related opinions on the effectiveness of lockdowns in controlling disease spread. We simulated these dynamics within a hypothetical population connected via a simplified contact network (Watts-Strogatz), incorporating feedback loops between disease prevalence, opinions, and behaviour, including 'lockdown fatigue'. We explored different scenarios of lockdown implementation in our hypothetical population network by varying a threshold value of prevalence when a lockdown is initiated and the stringency of the lockdown. Our qualitative findings imply that quickly imposing a lockdown with high stringency is the most effective at reducing infection spread, provided that there is a certain degree of adherence to the lockdown among the population. Furthermore, stricter lockdowns minimize fatigue with respect to the imposed measures, since the duration of a lockdown is shorter on average in this scenario. These theoretical results imply that such lockdown policies might therefore be a beneficial, high-impact tool in containing epidemic spread, especially when supplemented by information interventions maintaining the adherence to lockdown measures.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | e0338818 |
| Number of pages | 18 |
| Journal | PloS one |
| Volume | 20 |
| Issue number | 12 December |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 19 Dec 2025 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2025 Brunekreef et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
