Abstract
Along their path from source to observer, gravitational waves may be gravitationally lensed by massive objects leading to distortion in the signals. Searches for these distortions amongst the observed signals from the current detector network have already been carried out, though there have as yet been no confident detections. However, predictions of the observation rate of lensing suggest detection in the future is a realistic possibility. Therefore, preparations need to be made to thoroughly investigate the candidate lensed signals. In this work, we present some follow-up analyses that could be applied to assess the significance of such events and ascertain what information may be extracted about the lens-source system by applying these analyses to a number of O3 candidate events, even if these signals did not yield a high significance for any of the lensing hypotheses. These analyses cover the strong lensing, millilensing, and microlensing regimes. Applying these additional analyses does not lead to any additional evidence for lensing in the candidates that have been examined. However, it does provide important insight into potential avenues to deal with high-significance candidates in future observations.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 3832-3860 |
| Number of pages | 29 |
| Journal | Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
| Volume | 526 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Dec 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.
Funding
JJ and CVDB are supported by the research programme of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). SG is supported by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India. JME is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 847523 INTERACTIONS, and by VILLUM FONDEN (grant no. 53101 and 37766). ÁG, DK, PC and SH are supported by the Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB); the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) grants PID2022-138626NB-I00, PID2019-106416GB-I00, RED2022-134204-E, RED2022-134411-T, CNS2022-135440, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; the MCIN with funding from the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (PRTR-C17.I1); Comunitat Autónoma de les Illes Balears through the Direcció General de Recerca, Innovación y transformación Digital with funds from the Tourist Stay Tax Law (PDR2020/11 - ITS2017-006), the Conselleria d'Economia, Hisenda i Innovación grant numbers SINCO2022/18146 and SINCO2022/6719, co-financed by the European Union and FEDER Operational Program 2021-2027 of the Balearic Islands; the "ERDF A way of making Europe"; and EU COST Action CA18108. ÁG is supported through SOIB, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Conselleria de Model Econòmic, Turisme i Treball with funds from the Mecanisme de Recuperación y Resiliencia (PRTR, NextGenerationEU). DK is supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (ref. BEAGAL 18/00148) and cofinanced by UIB. The authors thank the Supercomputing and Bioinnovation Center (SCBI) of the University of Malaga for their provision of computational resources and technical support ( www.scbi.uma.es/site ) and thankfully acknowledge the computer resources at Picasso and the technical support provided by Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) through grants No. AECT-2022-1-0024, AECT-2022-2-0028, AECT-2022-3-0024, and AECT-2023-1-0023 from the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES). JG-B acknowledges support from the Spanish Research Project PID2021-123012NB-C43 (MICI Española de SupercomputaciónNN-FEDER), and the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program CEX2020-001007-S at IFT. PP would like to thank Prof. Sukanta Bose for his support and IUCAA, Pune for providing computational facilities. AKYL and RKLL are supported by the National Science Foundation grants PHY-1912594 and PHY-2207758. AM would like to thank the University Grants Commission (UGC), India, for financial support as a research fellow. The authors are grateful for computational resources provided by the LIGO laboratory and Cardiff University and supported by the National Science Foundation Grants PHY-0757058 and PHY-0823459, and the STFC grant ST/I006285/1, respectively. The authors are also grateful to the Inter-University Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, India for additional computational resources. This material is based upon work supported by NSF’s LIGO Laboratory which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direcció General de Política Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciéncia i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union – European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concerées (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris Ile-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN and CNRS for provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-inAid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361 and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, National Research Foundation (NRF), Computing Infrastructure Project of Global Science experimental Data hub Center (GSDC) at KISTI, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), and Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan under grants including the Rising Star Program and Science Vanguard Research Program, Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Actions de Recherche Concerées | |
| Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations | |
| Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program CEX2020-001007-S | |
| Comunitat Autónoma de les Illes Balears | |
| Conselleria d'Economia, Hisenda i Innovación | SINCO2022/18146, SINCO2022/6719 |
| Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura | |
| Conselleria de Model Econòmic | |
| European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR | PRTR-C17 |
| Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek van Vlaanderen | |
| French Lyon Institute of Origins | |
| MICI Española de SupercomputaciónNN-FEDER | |
| Paris Ile-de-France Region | |
| Red Española de Supercomputación | PID2021-123012NB-C43 |
| Tourist Stay Tax Law | PDR2020/11 - ITS2017-006 |
| National Science Foundation | PHY-2207758, PHY-0823459, PHY-1912594, PHY-0757058 |
| U.S. Department of Energy | |
| Kavli Foundation | |
| VILLUM FONDEN | 53101, 37766 |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | |
| H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions | 847523 |
| Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | BEAGAL 18/00148 |
| Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca, Govern Illes Balears | |
| National Science and Technology Council | |
| Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada | |
| Canada Foundation for Innovation | |
| Science and Technology Facilities Council | ST/I006285/1 |
| Leverhulme Trust | |
| Royal Statistics Society | |
| Scottish Funding Council | |
| Scottish Universities Physics Alliance | |
| European Commission | |
| Cardiff University | |
| European Cooperation in Science and Technology | CA18108 |
| Australian Research Council | |
| National Research Foundation | |
| Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India | |
| Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India | |
| University Grants Commission | |
| Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy | |
| Japan Society for the Promotion of Science | 17H06133, JP20H05854, JP17H06361, 20A203, JP17H06364, JP17H06358, 20H05639 |
| Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology | |
| Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung | |
| National Natural Science Foundation of China | |
| Science and Engineering Research Board | |
| Academia Sinica - Institutum Iurisprudentiae | |
| Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej | |
| Russian Foundation for Basic Research | |
| Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS | |
| Generalitat de Catalunya | |
| Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee | |
| Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | |
| Generalitat Valenciana | |
| Hungarian Scientific Research Fund | |
| Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning | |
| Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information | |
| Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute | |
| National Research Foundation of Korea | |
| Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare | |
| Narodowe Centrum Nauki | |
| Universiti Malaya | |
| Ministry of Education, India | |
| Tokyo University of Agriculture | |
| CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique | |
| Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | |
| European Social Fund Plus | |
| Barcelona Supercomputing Center | AECT-2023-1-0023, AECT-2022-1-0024, AECT-2022-3-0024, AECT-2022-2-0028 |
| Russian Science Foundation | |
| European Regional Development Fund | 2021-2027 |
| Universitat de les Illes Balears | |
| Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal | |
| Agencia Estatal de Investigación | CNS2022-135440, PID2022-138626NB-I00, RED2022-134411-T, RED2022-134204-E, PID2019-106416GB-I00 |
| Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) | |
| ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research | |
| Direcció General de Recerca, Generalitat de Catalunya | |
| Ministerio de Universidades |
Keywords
- gravitational lensing: micro
- gravitational lensing: strong
- gravitational waves