Ferrous Pyrophosphate and Mixed Divalent Pyrophosphates as Delivery Systems for Essential Minerals

Neshat Moslehi; Michiel van Eekelen; Krassimir P. Velikov; Willem K. Kegel

doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00050

Ferrous Pyrophosphate and Mixed Divalent Pyrophosphates as Delivery Systems for Essential Minerals

Neshat Moslehi
, Michiel van Eekelen
, Krassimir P. Velikov
, Willem K. Kegel

Utrecht University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Poorly water-soluble iron-containing compounds are promising iron fortificants. However, ensuring high bioaccessibility and low reactivity of iron is challenging. We present the potential application of ferrous pyrophosphate (Fe(II)PP) and Fe(II)-containing M_2(1-x)Fe_2xP₂O₇ salts (0 < x < 1, M = Ca, Zn, or Mn) for delivery of iron and a second essential mineral (M). After preparation by a facile and environment-friendly coprecipitation method, the salts were investigated for their composition, pH-dependent dissolution, iron-mediated discoloration of a black tea solution, and oxidation of vitamin C. Our results suggest that these salts are possible dual-fortificants with tunable composition that compared to Fe(II)PP (i) show lower (<0.5 mM) and enhanced (to 5 mM) iron dissolution in moderate and gastric pH, respectively, (ii) exhibit less discoloration and dissolved iron in tea when x = 0.470 for M = Ca or Zn and x = 0.086 for M = Mn, and (iii) do not increase the oxidation extent of vitamin C over 48 h when x = 0.06, 0.086, or 0.053 for M = Ca, Zn, or Mn, respectively.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1388–1401
Number of pages	14
Journal	ACS Food Science & Technology
Volume	4
Issue number	6
Early online date	Jun 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00050
Publication status	Published - 5 Jun 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

Funding

This research received funding from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) in the framework of the Innovation Fund for Chemistry and from the Ministry of Economic Affairs in the framework of the \u201CTKI/PPS-Toeslagregeling\u201D (Grant 731017205).

Funders	Funder number
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Ministry of Economic Affairs	731017205

Keywords

Divalent metal pyrophosphate
Essential dietary minerals
Ferrous pyrophosphate
Iron supplement
Mineraldelivery systems
Mixed divalent mineral salt

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title = "Ferrous Pyrophosphate and Mixed Divalent Pyrophosphates as Delivery Systems for Essential Minerals",

abstract = "Poorly water-soluble iron-containing compounds are promising iron fortificants. However, ensuring high bioaccessibility and low reactivity of iron is challenging. We present the potential application of ferrous pyrophosphate (Fe(II)PP) and Fe(II)-containing M2(1-x)Fe2xP2O7 salts (0 < x < 1, M = Ca, Zn, or Mn) for delivery of iron and a second essential mineral (M). After preparation by a facile and environment-friendly coprecipitation method, the salts were investigated for their composition, pH-dependent dissolution, iron-mediated discoloration of a black tea solution, and oxidation of vitamin C. Our results suggest that these salts are possible dual-fortificants with tunable composition that compared to Fe(II)PP (i) show lower (<0.5 mM) and enhanced (to 5 mM) iron dissolution in moderate and gastric pH, respectively, (ii) exhibit less discoloration and dissolved iron in tea when x = 0.470 for M = Ca or Zn and x = 0.086 for M = Mn, and (iii) do not increase the oxidation extent of vitamin C over 48 h when x = 0.06, 0.086, or 0.053 for M = Ca, Zn, or Mn, respectively.",

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author = "Neshat Moslehi and \{van Eekelen\}, Michiel and Velikov, \{Krassimir P.\} and Kegel, \{Willem K.\}",

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AU - van Eekelen, Michiel

AU - Velikov, Krassimir P.

AU - Kegel, Willem K.

PY - 2024/6/5

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N2 - Poorly water-soluble iron-containing compounds are promising iron fortificants. However, ensuring high bioaccessibility and low reactivity of iron is challenging. We present the potential application of ferrous pyrophosphate (Fe(II)PP) and Fe(II)-containing M2(1-x)Fe2xP2O7 salts (0 < x < 1, M = Ca, Zn, or Mn) for delivery of iron and a second essential mineral (M). After preparation by a facile and environment-friendly coprecipitation method, the salts were investigated for their composition, pH-dependent dissolution, iron-mediated discoloration of a black tea solution, and oxidation of vitamin C. Our results suggest that these salts are possible dual-fortificants with tunable composition that compared to Fe(II)PP (i) show lower (<0.5 mM) and enhanced (to 5 mM) iron dissolution in moderate and gastric pH, respectively, (ii) exhibit less discoloration and dissolved iron in tea when x = 0.470 for M = Ca or Zn and x = 0.086 for M = Mn, and (iii) do not increase the oxidation extent of vitamin C over 48 h when x = 0.06, 0.086, or 0.053 for M = Ca, Zn, or Mn, respectively.

AB - Poorly water-soluble iron-containing compounds are promising iron fortificants. However, ensuring high bioaccessibility and low reactivity of iron is challenging. We present the potential application of ferrous pyrophosphate (Fe(II)PP) and Fe(II)-containing M2(1-x)Fe2xP2O7 salts (0 < x < 1, M = Ca, Zn, or Mn) for delivery of iron and a second essential mineral (M). After preparation by a facile and environment-friendly coprecipitation method, the salts were investigated for their composition, pH-dependent dissolution, iron-mediated discoloration of a black tea solution, and oxidation of vitamin C. Our results suggest that these salts are possible dual-fortificants with tunable composition that compared to Fe(II)PP (i) show lower (<0.5 mM) and enhanced (to 5 mM) iron dissolution in moderate and gastric pH, respectively, (ii) exhibit less discoloration and dissolved iron in tea when x = 0.470 for M = Ca or Zn and x = 0.086 for M = Mn, and (iii) do not increase the oxidation extent of vitamin C over 48 h when x = 0.06, 0.086, or 0.053 for M = Ca, Zn, or Mn, respectively.

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KW - Iron supplement

KW - Mineraldelivery systems

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Ferrous Pyrophosphate and Mixed Divalent Pyrophosphates as Delivery Systems for Essential Minerals

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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Keywords

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