EU (Shared) Law Enforcement: Who Does What and How?

Enforcement of EU law has changed considerably in the last decades. By bringing the recent developments together, this chapter offers a ‘bird’s-eye view’ of the what, who and how’ concerning enforcement of EU law. It discusses the many ways of enforcement under the three scenarios and zooms in on the most intrusive enforcement power, i.e., the sanctioning power. All in all, it shows that enforcement of EU law has been done differently in different policy areas, which demonstrates an ongoing search for the conditions and factors of when EU law enforcement can be enforced more effectively and what role there is for sanctions to play.