Embedding futures studies in an applied water research program

The transition to a future-proof water system requires timely development of knowledge and innovation. Futures studies is essential for research programs to identify new opportunities and threats and allow for timely agenda setting. We present a case study where the approach of futures studies was embedded in an applied research program (Waterwijs) for drinking water utilities in the Netherlands and Flanders. Futures studies was organized in a structured program component called 'exploratory research' that combined concepts of foresight and horizon scanning, the knowledge pyramid, and a theory of change approach. The outcomes show that futures research was valuable for the research program and the drinking water utilities who are its clients. It enabled the achievement of long-term program goals such as the development of new technologies, fast response to emerging issues and informed the strategy of water utilities. Recommendations for the adoption of futures studies in Waterwijs and similar programs based on the experiences from this case include developing a culture of co-creation and trust, a clear structure and management, and a good strategy for stakeholder engagement and knowledge transfer.