TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of personalised exposure on self-rated electromagnetic hypersensitivity and sensibility
T2 - A double-blind randomised controlled trial
AU - van Moorselaar, Imke
AU - Slottje, Pauline
AU - Heller, Pia
AU - van Strien, Rob
AU - Kromhout, Hans
AU - Murbach, Manuel
AU - Kuster, Niels
AU - Vermeulen, Roel
AU - Huss, Anke
N1 - Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PY - 2017/2
Y1 - 2017/2
N2 - BACKGROUND: Previous provocation experiments with persons reporting electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) have been criticised because EHS persons were obliged to travel to study locations (seen as stressful), and that they were unable to select the type of signal they reported reacting to. In our study we used mobile exposure units that allow double-blind exposure conditions with personalised exposure settings (signal type, strength, duration) at home. Our aim was to evaluate whether subjects were able to identify exposure conditions, and to assess if providing feedback on personal test results altered the level of self-reported EHS.METHODS: We used double-blind randomised controlled exposure testing with questionnaires at baseline, immediately before and after testing, and at two and four months post testing. Participants were eligible if they reported sensing either radiofrequency or extremely low frequency fields within minutes of exposure. Participants were visited at home or another location where they felt comfortable to undergo testing. Before double-blind testing, we verified together with participants in an unblinded exposure session that the exposure settings were selected were ones that the participant responded to. Double-blind testing consisted of a series of 10 exposure and sham exposures in random sequence, feedback on test results was provided directly after testing.RESULTS: 42 persons participated, mean age was 55years (range 29-78), 76% were women. During double-blind testing, no participant was able to correctly identify when they were being exposed better than chance. There were no statistically significant differences in the self-reported level of EHS at follow-up compared to baseline, but during follow-up participants reported reduced certainty in reacting within minutes to exposure and reported significantly fewer symptoms compared to baseline.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a subgroup of persons exist who profit from participation in a personalised testing procedure.
AB - BACKGROUND: Previous provocation experiments with persons reporting electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) have been criticised because EHS persons were obliged to travel to study locations (seen as stressful), and that they were unable to select the type of signal they reported reacting to. In our study we used mobile exposure units that allow double-blind exposure conditions with personalised exposure settings (signal type, strength, duration) at home. Our aim was to evaluate whether subjects were able to identify exposure conditions, and to assess if providing feedback on personal test results altered the level of self-reported EHS.METHODS: We used double-blind randomised controlled exposure testing with questionnaires at baseline, immediately before and after testing, and at two and four months post testing. Participants were eligible if they reported sensing either radiofrequency or extremely low frequency fields within minutes of exposure. Participants were visited at home or another location where they felt comfortable to undergo testing. Before double-blind testing, we verified together with participants in an unblinded exposure session that the exposure settings were selected were ones that the participant responded to. Double-blind testing consisted of a series of 10 exposure and sham exposures in random sequence, feedback on test results was provided directly after testing.RESULTS: 42 persons participated, mean age was 55years (range 29-78), 76% were women. During double-blind testing, no participant was able to correctly identify when they were being exposed better than chance. There were no statistically significant differences in the self-reported level of EHS at follow-up compared to baseline, but during follow-up participants reported reduced certainty in reacting within minutes to exposure and reported significantly fewer symptoms compared to baseline.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a subgroup of persons exist who profit from participation in a personalised testing procedure.
KW - Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
KW - Randomised controlled trial
KW - Personalised testing
KW - Exposure testing
U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.031
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.031
M3 - Article
C2 - 27939951
SN - 0160-4120
VL - 99
SP - 255
EP - 262
JO - Environmental International
JF - Environmental International
ER -