Een protestant in de 9de eeuw?

This article is about Claudius, bishop of Turin (c. 816-c. 827), a rather controversial figure as he opposed to the veneration of images and the adoration of the cross and because he considered pilgrimage useless. In later times he was labelled a proto-protestant , the odd exemption to the general consensus of the Christian church that valued its saints highly. This article argues that Claudius needs to be studied in the context of his own days, in this case the highly competitive intellectual climate of the Carolingian court.