Dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a space-time crystal

We present the theory of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of discrete time translations as recently realized in the space-time crystals of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. The nonequilibrium physics related to such a driven-dissipative system is discussed in both the Langevin as well as the Fokker-Planck formulations. We consider a semiclassical and a fully quantum approach, depending on the dissipation being either frequency independent or linearly dependent on frequency, respectively. For both cases, the Langevin equation and Fokker-Planck equation are derived, and the resulting equilibrium distribution is studied. We also study the time evolution of the space-time crystal and focus in particular on its formation and the associated dynamics of the spontaneous breaking of a 𝑍2 symmetry out of the symmetry-unbroken phase, i.e., the equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate before the periodic drive is turned on. Finally, we compare our results with experiments and conclude that our theory provides a solid foundation for the observations.