TY - JOUR
T1 - Disinfection By-Products (Dbps) Exposure In An Indoor Chlorinated Swimming Pool, Respiratory And Genotoxicity Biomarkers: The Piscina2 Study
AU - Kogevinas, Manolis
AU - Font-Ribera, Laia
AU - Marco, Esther
AU - Grimalt, Joan O
AU - Tares, Lluisa
AU - Barreiro, Esther
AU - Pastor, Susana
AU - Marcos, Ricard
AU - Abramsson-Zetterberg, Lilliane
AU - Pedersen, Marie
AU - Grummt, Tamara
AU - Heederik, Dick
AU - Spithoven, Jack
AU - Zwiener, Christian
AU - Liu, Jiaqi
AU - Zhang, Xiangru
AU - Mitch, Bill
AU - Arjona, Lourdes
AU - De Bont, Jeroen
AU - Villanueva, Cristina M
PY - 2015/8/20
Y1 - 2015/8/20
N2 - Background: Swimming in pools entails a considerable exposure to carcinogenic and irritant disinfection by-products (DBPs). Biomarkers of lung epithelium permeability (serum CC16), genotoxicity (micronuclei (MN) in lymphocytes) and urine mutagenicity were previously found to be related to brominated trihalomethanes (THM) exposure during swimming. We replicated the study with doubled sample size and improved exposure assessment. Methods: 116 non-smoking adults swam 40 min in an indoor chlorinated pool. Major DBPs in water (THM, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, nitrosamines, total organic halogen), trichloramine in air and swimming distance were measured. Changes in exhaled THM, urine trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), serum CC16, urine mutagenicity, MN in lymphocytes and in retyculocytes were measured before and immediately, 30 min, 1h, 2h, 1h and 4d after swimming, respectively. Results: After swimming, exhaled THM and creatinine adjusted TCAA in urine increased 14.5 µg/m3 and 5.2 µmols/mol, respectively. Changes in CC16 were associated with swimming distance (β coefficient of adjusted linear regression=0.56 (95%CI=0.01-1.11) for an interquartilic range (IQR) increase in exposure) but not with trichloramine in air or exhaled THM. MN in lymphocytes and urine mutagenicity were not associated with exhaled THM, urine TCAA, trichloramine in air or any DBP in water. MN in reticulocytes were measured in 19 subjects and an association with increased exhaled THM was detected (β coefficient=0.59 (95%CI=0.14-1.03) for an IQR increase). Conclusions: Lung epithelium permeability, urine mutagenicity and MN in lymphocytes after swimming were not associated with DBPs exposure. This is the largest study with the most complete exposure assessment on the topic, but the levels of brominated THMs, that are more mutagenic and genotoxic, were around 5 times lower than in the previous study. The positive association with MN in reticulocytes should be further explored.
AB - Background: Swimming in pools entails a considerable exposure to carcinogenic and irritant disinfection by-products (DBPs). Biomarkers of lung epithelium permeability (serum CC16), genotoxicity (micronuclei (MN) in lymphocytes) and urine mutagenicity were previously found to be related to brominated trihalomethanes (THM) exposure during swimming. We replicated the study with doubled sample size and improved exposure assessment. Methods: 116 non-smoking adults swam 40 min in an indoor chlorinated pool. Major DBPs in water (THM, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, nitrosamines, total organic halogen), trichloramine in air and swimming distance were measured. Changes in exhaled THM, urine trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), serum CC16, urine mutagenicity, MN in lymphocytes and in retyculocytes were measured before and immediately, 30 min, 1h, 2h, 1h and 4d after swimming, respectively. Results: After swimming, exhaled THM and creatinine adjusted TCAA in urine increased 14.5 µg/m3 and 5.2 µmols/mol, respectively. Changes in CC16 were associated with swimming distance (β coefficient of adjusted linear regression=0.56 (95%CI=0.01-1.11) for an interquartilic range (IQR) increase in exposure) but not with trichloramine in air or exhaled THM. MN in lymphocytes and urine mutagenicity were not associated with exhaled THM, urine TCAA, trichloramine in air or any DBP in water. MN in reticulocytes were measured in 19 subjects and an association with increased exhaled THM was detected (β coefficient=0.59 (95%CI=0.14-1.03) for an IQR increase). Conclusions: Lung epithelium permeability, urine mutagenicity and MN in lymphocytes after swimming were not associated with DBPs exposure. This is the largest study with the most complete exposure assessment on the topic, but the levels of brominated THMs, that are more mutagenic and genotoxic, were around 5 times lower than in the previous study. The positive association with MN in reticulocytes should be further explored.
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/c916e96e-dea7-3336-9470-bfd07632966d/
U2 - 10.1289/isee.2015.2015-866
DO - 10.1289/isee.2015.2015-866
M3 - Meeting Abstract
SN - 1078-0475
VL - 2015
SP - 866
JO - Environmental health perspectives. Supplements
JF - Environmental health perspectives. Supplements
IS - 1
ER -