Diachronous demise of the Neotethys Ocean as a driver for non-cylindrical orogenesis in Anatolia

Continent-continent collision drives crustal deformation, topographic rise and geodynamic change. Africa-Eurasia convergence accommodated in the Eastern Mediterranean involved subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere in Anatolia. Subduction was followed by collision of continental crust of Greater Adria with Eurasia to form the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone. Discerning the effects of this collision from pre-collisional ophiolite obduction-related orogeny of Greater Adria is notoriously difficult. Estimates on the timing of collision in Central Anatolia are based on a forearc-to-foreland basin transition along the Eurasian margin and suggest a ~60 Ma age of initial collision. Here, we assess whether this age is also representative for collision in Eastern Anatolia and across the Cenozoic Sivas Basin that straddles the Greater Adria-Europe suture. To this end we retro-deform regional block rotations in the Pontides, the Kırşehir Block and the Taurides, building a first-order regional ‘block circuit’ around the Sivas Basin. We show that up to ~700 km of convergence must have been accommodated across the Sivas Basin after Central Anatolian Kırşehir-Pontide collision at ~60 Ma – an order of magnitude more than estimated crustal shortening, and that wholesale lithospheric subduction must have occurred throughout much of the Cenozoic. Paleocene collision would require that this subduction consumed continental lithosphere, which is unlikely. We consequently infer that oceanic subduction continued much longer in Eastern Anatolia, perhaps well into the Miocene. We postulate that prolonged oceanic subduction and slab pull drew the Eastern Taurides north relative to the Central Taurides, leading to shortening and oroclinal bending in Central Anatolia. The diachronous demise of the Neotethys Ocean in Anatolia, as a function of its paleogeography, is thus a likely driver for the strong non-cylindricity of the Cenozoic Anatolian collisional orogen.