Creating Inclusive Societies: Fostering belonging and positive intergroup relations in culturally diverse classrooms

and socioeconomic backgrounds. At the same time, polarization and negative attitudes between groups are on the rise. It is crucial to understand how to reverse these trends and to create a society where everyone feels at home. Schools play a key role in this process, as they reflect society and provide students from different backgrounds the opportunity to meet and learn together. In her dissertation, Lian van Vemde investigates how teachers and classmates can foster positive attitudes, relationships between groups, and a sense of belonging in both the classroom and society. Her four studies, conducted in Dutch primary and secondary schools, examine factors such as teachers' and students' diversity attitudes, the ethnic composition of classrooms, and the quality of interpersonal relationships. The research shows that diversity in the classroom offers opportunities for developing positive intergroup attitudes, relationships, and feelings of belonging, provided there is room for positive contact and positive attitudes toward different groups are encouraged. For example, students feel more at home in the Netherlands if they have a good relationship with their teacher, and teachers can stimulate positive attitudes toward groups by being positive about diversity themselves. In addition, positive attitudes of classmates toward groups play an important role: These promote friendships in the classroom and contribute to a sense of belonging to the classroom and the Netherlands. Finally, the dissertation also underscores the importance of combating school segregation and striving for diversity in schools—not just ethnic or cultural diversity but also socioeconomic inclusivity. By investing in inclusion and respect, schools can contribute to a cohesive society where everyone feels welcome.