Correction: The association between medication use and health-related quality of life in multimorbid older patients with polypharmacy

In Tables 2 and 3 of this article, the data in the row headed “Number of patients” was mistakenly listed in the header of the tables. The correct tables should have shown as follows: Table 2 Characteristics of the patients divided into groups based on HRQoL ^a Lower EQ-VAS Higher EQ-VAS p-value Lower EQ-5D Higher EQ-5D p-value Total number of patients 449 478 402 548 Age ≥ 80 years 199 (44.3) 220 (46.0) 0.649 197 (49.0) 236 (43.1) 0.080 Female 224 (49.9) 210 (43.9) 0.080 205 (51.0) 232 (42.3) 0.010 Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m ² 94 (22.7) 99 (22.1) 0.909 99 (26.3) 97 (19.2) 0.016 Current smoker 46 (10.2) 30 (6.3) 0.038 43 (10.7) 32 (5.9) 0.009 Level of education 0.026 0.025 Less than high school 140 (31.5) 113 (23.8) 127 (32.0) 131 (24.1) High school 219 (49.3) 253 (53.3) 194 (48.9) 288 (53.0) University 85 (19.1) 109 (22.9) 76 (19.1) 124 (22.8) Nonindependent living 99 (22.0) 62 (13.0) < 0.001 114 (28.4) 53 (9.7) < 0.001 Dementia 37 (8.2) 25 (5.2) 0.089 31 (7.7) 34 (6.2) 0.436 Renal impairment (eGFR < 50 ml/min) 156 (35.9) 151 (32.1) 0.254 132 (34.3) 174 (32.2) 0.544 DADL (Barthel index) ^b: Moderate or severe 269 (60.7) 164 (34.6) < 0.001 276 (70.2) 169 (31.0) < 0.001 ≥ 1 Fall(s) during past year 99 (22.2) 77 (16.2) 0.025 103 (25.9) 77 (14.2) < 0.001 Trial site 0.589 < 0.001 Bern 200 (44.5) 228 (47.7) 129 (32.1) 309 (56.4) Cork 63 (14.0) 71 (14.9) 40 (10.0) 98 (17.9) Louvain 71 (15.8) 74 (15.5) 68 (16.9) 80 (14.6) Utrecht 115 (25.6) 105 (22.0) 165 (41.0) 61 (11.1) Ward specialism (surgical/medical): Surgical 88 (19.6) 103 (21.5) 0.514 95 (23.6) 102 (18.6) 0.071 Type of hospital admittance: Nonelective 335 (75.3) 364 (76.3) 0.774 285 (72.0) 430 (78.5) 0.026 ≥ 1 Hospital admission(s) during past year 112 (25.0) 96 (20.1) 0.090 101 (25.2) 110 (20.1) 0.075 Medication use-related factors Hyperpolypharmacy (≥ 10 medications) 264 (58.8) 239 (50.0) 0.009 236 (58.7) 271 (49.5) 0.006 Anticholinergic and sedative burden 0.834 < 0.001 DBI = 0 221 (49.2) 244 (51.0) 178 (44.3) 303 (55.3) DBI 0–1 134 (29.8) 135 (28.2) 119 (29.6) 154 (28.1) DBI ≥ 1 94 (20.9) 99 (20.7) 105 (26.1) 91 (16.6) Appropriateness of medication: No. of prescribing omissions 0.463 0.004 0 186 (49.5) 227 (53.8) 160 (45.5) 259 (55.7) 1 121 (32.2) 122 (28.9) 113 (32.1) 138 (29.7) ≥ 2 69 (18.4) 73 (17.3) 79 (22.4) 68 (14.6) No. of inappropriate medications 0.798 0.582 0–1 102 (27.1) 122 (28.9) 93 (26.4) 137 (29.5) 2–4 100 (26.6) 114 (27.0) 99 (28.1) 120 (25.8) ≥ 5 174 (46.3) 186 (44.1) 160 (45.5) 208 (44.7) High-risk medication ^c Antidiabetics 126 (28.1) 116 (24.3) 0.215 118 (29.4) 125 (22.8) 0.027 Opioids 94 (20.9) 63 (13.2) 0.002 94 (23.4) 64 (11.7) < 0.001 Antibiotics 50 (11.1) 31 (6.5) 0.017 42 (10.4) 41 (7.5) 0.138 Benzodiazepines 60 (13.4) 48 (10.0) 0.141 60 (14.9) 50 (9.1) 0.008 Antidepressants 118 (26.3) 90 (18.8) 0.008 107 (26.6) 103 (18.8) 0.005 Medication complexity < 0.001 < 0.001 < 16.5 130 (29.0) 169 (35.4) 114 (28.4) 203 (37.0) 16.5–25.4 137 (30.5) 175 (36.6) 127 (31.6) 188 (34.3) ≥ 25.5 182 (40.5) 134 (28.0) 161 (40.0) 157 (28.6) Medication adherence (MMAS-8) 0.930 0.139 Low adherence 64 (15.1) 73 (16.0) 65 (17.2) 74 (14.1) Medium adherence 173 (40.8) 183 (40.1) 139 (36.8) 225 (43.0) Good adherence 187 (44.1) 200 (43.9) 174 (46.0) 224 (42.8) Missing data: EQ-5D, 5 (0.5%); EQ-VAS, 28 (2.9%); BMI, 71 (7.4%); smoking status, 1 (0.1%); number of falls during the previous year, 8 (0.8%); level of education, 10 (1.0%); number of hospitalisations in the previous year, 2 (0.2%); admission type, 6 (0.6%); renal function, 24 (2.5%); Barthel Index of ADL, 11 (1.2%); medication adherence, 49 (5.1%); No of prescribing omissions, 133 (13.9%); No of inappropriate medications, 133 (13.9%) ^aThe values are numbers (percentages) ^bDependency on activities of daily living (DADL) measured with the Barthel index, a score of ≤ 60 is considered a severe dependency, 60–90 is considered moderate dependency and > 90 almost no dependency[10] ^cOnly the high-risk medication (medication with a high risk for hospital (re)admissions in patients) with significant differences in proportions are displayed ^dUse of the Morisky Medication Adherence Measure questionnaire is protected by U.S. copyright laws. Permission for use is required. A license agreement was obtained from Donald E Morisky, ScD, ScM, MSPH, Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1772, USA ([email protected]) Table 3 Association of medication use-related factors with lower EQ-VAS and EQ-5D index scores Medication use-related factors crude OR (CI) EQ-VAS aOR (CI) EQ-VAS ^a crude OR (CI) EQ-5D aOR (CI) EQ-5D ^b Total number of patients 927 916 950 855 Hyperpolypharmacy 1.43 (1.10; 1.85) 1.37 (1.05; 1.80) 1.45 (1.12; 1.89) 1.30 (0.93; 1.84) Anticholinergic and sedative burden DBI = 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref DBI 0–1 1.10 (0.81; 1.48) 1.05 (0.76; 1.43) 1.32 (0.97; 1.78) 1.11 (0.75; 1.64) DBI ≥ 1 1.05 (0.75; 1.47) 0.88 (0.62; 1.25) 1.96 (1.40; 2.75) 1.73 (1.11; 2.69) Appropriateness of medication No. of prescribing omissions 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref 1 1.21 (0.88; 1.66) 1.16 (0.83; 1.62) 1.33 (0.96; 1.82) 1.26 (0.84; 1.91) ≥ 2 1.15 (0.79; 1.69) 1.10 (0.74; 1.64) 1.88 (1.29; 2.75) 1.94 (1.19; 3.17) No. of inappropriate medications 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref 1 1.05 (0.72; 1.53) 1.01 (0.68; 1.50) 1.22 (0.84; 1.77) 0.98 (0.61; 1.59) ≥ 2 1.12 (0.80; 1.56) 1.12 (0.79; 1.59) 1.13 (0.81; 1.59) 1.18 (0.77; 1.83) High-risk medication ^c Antidiabetics 1.22 (0.91; 1.63) 1.17 (0.86; 1.60) 1.41 (1.05; 1.89) 1.10 (0.75; 1.62) Opioids 1.74 (1.23; 2.48) 1.59 (1.11; 2.30) 2.31 (1.63; 3.28) 2.10 (1.34; 3.32) Antibiotics 1.81 (1.14; 2.91) 1.64 (1.01; 2.68) 1.44 (0.92; 2.27) 1.77 (0.99; 3.18) Benzodiazepines 1.38 (0.92; 2.08) 1.32 (0.87; 2.03) 1.75 (1.17; 2.61) 2.01 (1.22; 3.35) Antidepressants 1.54 (1.13; 2.10) 1.32 (0.95; 1.83) 1.57 (1.15; 2.13) 1.45 (0.96; 2.19) Medication complexity < 16.5 Ref Ref Ref Ref 16.5–25.4 1.02 (0.74; 1.40) 0.95 (0.68; 1.33) 1.20 (0.87; 1.66) 0.81 (0.53; 1.22) ≥ 25.5 1.77 (1.28; 2.43) 1.53 (1.10; 2.15) 1.83 (1.33; 2.51) 1.22 (0.80; 1.86) Adherence (MMAS-8) Good adherence Ref Ref Ref Ref Medium adherence 1.01 (0.76; 1.35) 1.12 (0.83; 1.52) 0.80 (0.59; 1.06) 1.36 (0.93; 2.01) Low adherence 0.94 (0.63; 1.38) 0.93 (0.62; 1.39) 1.13 (0.77; 1.67) 1.59 (0.95; 2.66) Missing data: Medication adherence, EQ-VAS outcome, 47 (5.1%) and EQ-5D, 49 (5.2%), adjusted models: EQ-VAS, 46 (5.0%) and EQ-5D, 36 (4.2%); No of prescribing omissions and No of inappropriate medications, EQ-VAS outcome, 129 (13.9%) and EQ-5D, 133 (14.0%), adjusted models: EQ-VAS, 128 (14.0%) and EQ-5D, 108 (12.6%) ^aAdjusted for DADL and smoking status ^bAdjusted for the trial site, DADL, non-independent living, smoking status, BMI, falls in the past year and non-elective admittance ^cOnly high-risk medication (medication with a high risk for hospital (re)admissions in patients) with an association is displayed ^dUse of Morisky medication adherence measure questionnaire is protected by US copyright laws The incorrect tables showed as follows: Table 2 Characteristics of the patients divided into groups based on HRQoL ^a Total number of patients Lower EQ-VAS Higher EQ-VAS p-value Lower EQ-5D Higher EQ-5D p-value 449 478 402 548 Age ≥ 80 years 199 (44.3) 220 (46.0) 0.649 197 (49.0) 236 (43.1) 0.080 Female 224 (49.9) 210 (43.9) 0.080 205 (51.0) 232 (42.3) 0.010 Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m ² 94 (22.7) 99 (22.1) 0.909 99 (26.3) 97 (19.2) 0.016 Current smoker 46 (10.2) 30 (6.3) 0.038 43 (10.7) 32 (5.9) 0.009 Level of education 0.026 0.025 Less than high school 140 (31.5) 113 (23.8) 127 (32.0) 131 (24.1) High school 219 (49.3) 253 (53.3) 194 (48.9) 288 (53.0) University 85 (19.1) 109 (22.9) 76 (19.1) 124 (22.8) Nonindependent living 99 (22.0) 62 (13.0) < 0.001 114 (28.4) 53 (9.7) < 0.001 Dementia 37 (8.2) 25 (5.2) 0.089 31 (7.7) 34 (6.2) 0.436 Renal impairment (eGFR < 50 ml/min) 156 (35.9) 151 (32.1) 0.254 132 (34.3) 174 (32.2) 0.544 DADL (Barthel index) ^b: Moderate or severe 269 (60.7) 164 (34.6) < 0.001 276 (70.2) 169 (31.0) < 0.001 ≥ 1 Fall(s) during past year 99 (22.2) 77 (16.2) 0.025 103 (25.9) 77 (14.2) < 0.001 Trial site 0.589 < 0.001 Bern 200 (44.5) 228 (47.7) 129 (32.1) 309 (56.4) Cork 63 (14.0) 71 (14.9) 40 (10.0) 98 (17.9) Louvain 71 (15.8) 74 (15.5) 68 (16.9) 80 (14.6) Utrecht 115 (25.6) 105 (22.0) 165 (41.0) 61 (11.1) Ward specialism (surgical/medical): Surgical 88 (19.6) 103 (21.5) 0.514 95 (23.6) 102 (18.6) 0.071 Type of hospital admittance: Nonelective 335 (75.3) 364 (76.3) 0.774 285 (72.0) 430 (78.5) 0.026 ≥ 1 Hospital admission(s) during past year 112 (25.0) 96 (20.1) 0.090 101 (25.2) 110 (20.1) 0.075 Medication use-related factors Hyperpolypharmacy (≥ 10 medications) 264 (58.8) 239 (50.0) 0.009 236 (58.7) 271 (49.5) 0.006 Anticholinergic and sedative burden 0.834 < 0.001 DBI = 0 221 (49.2) 244 (51.0) 178 (44.3) 303 (55.3) DBI 0–1 134 (29.8) 135 (28.2) 119 (29.6) 154 (28.1) DBI ≥ 1 94 (20.9) 99 (20.7) 105 (26.1) 91 (16.6) Appropriateness of medication: No. of prescribing omissions 0.463 0.004 0 186 (49.5) 227 (53.8) 160 (45.5) 259 (55.7) 1 121 (32.2) 122 (28.9) 113 (32.1) 138 (29.7) ≥ 2 69 (18.4) 73 (17.3) 79 (22.4) 68 (14.6) No. of inappropriate medications 0.798 0.582 0–1 102 (27.1) 122 (28.9) 93 (26.4) 137 (29.5) 2–4 100 (26.6) 114 (27.0) 99 (28.1) 120 (25.8) ≥ 5 174 (46.3) 186 (44.1) 160 (45.5) 208 (44.7) High-risk medication ^c Antidiabetics 126 (28.1) 116 (24.3) 0.215 118 (29.4) 125 (22.8) 0.027 Opioids 94 (20.9) 63 (13.2) 0.002 94 (23.4) 64 (11.7) < 0.001 Antibiotics 50 (11.1) 31 (6.5) 0.017 42 (10.4) 41 (7.5) 0.138 Benzodiazepines 60 (13.4) 48 (10.0) 0.141 60 (14.9) 50 (9.1) 0.008 Antidepressants 118 (26.3) 90 (18.8) 0.008 107 (26.6) 103 (18.8) 0.005 Medication complexity < 0.001 < 0.001 < 16.5 130 (29.0) 169 (35.4) 114 (28.4) 203 (37.0) 16.5–25.4 137 (30.5) 175 (36.6) 127 (31.6) 188 (34.3) ≥ 25.5 182 (40.5) 134 (28.0) 161 (40.0) 157 (28.6) Medication adherence (MMAS-8) 0.930 0.139 Low adherence 64 (15.1) 73 (16.0) 65 (17.2) 74 (14.1) Medium adherence 173 (40.8) 183 (40.1) 139 (36.8) 225 (43.0) Good adherence 187 (44.1) 200 (43.9) 174 (46.0) 224 (42.8) Missing data: EQ-5D, 5 (0.5%); EQ-VAS, 28 (2.9%); BMI, 71 (7.4%); smoking status, 1 (0.1%); number of falls during the previous year, 8 (0.8%); level of education, 10 (1.0%); number of hospitalisations in the previous year, 2 (0.2%); admission type, 6 (0.6%); renal function, 24 (2.5%); Barthel Index of ADL, 11 (1.2%); medication adherence, 49 (5.1%); No of prescribing omissions, 133 (13.9%); No of inappropriate medications, 133 (13.9%) ^aThe values are numbers (percentages) ^bDependency on activities of daily living (DADL) measured with the Barthel index, a score of ≤ 60 is considered a severe dependency, 60–90 is considered moderate dependency and > 90 almost no dependency[10] ^cOnly the high-risk medication (medication with a high risk for hospital (re)admissions in patients) with significant differences in proportions are displayed ^dUse of the Morisky Medication Adherence Measure questionnaire is protected by U.S. copyright laws. Permission for use is required. A license agreement was obtained from Donald E Morisky, ScD, ScM, MSPH, Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1772, USA ([email protected]) Table 3 Association of medication use-related factors with lower EQ-VAS and EQ-5D index scores Medication use-related factors crude OR (CI) EQ-VAS aOR (CI) EQ-VAS ^a crude OR (CI) EQ-5D aOR (CI) EQ-5D ^b Total number of patients 927 916 950 855 Hyperpolypharmacy 1.43 (1.10; 1.85) 1.37 (1.05; 1.80) 1.45 (1.12; 1.89) 1.30 (0.93; 1.84) Anticholinergic and sedative burden DBI = 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref DBI 0–1 1.10 (0.81; 1.48) 1.05 (0.76; 1.43) 1.32 (0.97; 1.78) 1.11 (0.75; 1.64) DBI ≥ 1 1.05 (0.75; 1.47) 0.88 (0.62; 1.25) 1.96 (1.40; 2.75) 1.73 (1.11; 2.69) Appropriateness of medication No. of prescribing omissions 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref 1 1.21 (0.88; 1.66) 1.16 (0.83; 1.62) 1.33 (0.96; 1.82) 1.26 (0.84; 1.91) ≥ 2 1.15 (0.79; 1.69) 1.10 (0.74; 1.64) 1.88 (1.29; 2.75) 1.94 (1.19; 3.17) No. of inappropriate medications 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref 1 1.05 (0.72; 1.53) 1.01 (0.68; 1.50) 1.22 (0.84; 1.77) 0.98 (0.61; 1.59) ≥ 2 1.12 (0.80; 1.56) 1.12 (0.79; 1.59) 1.13 (0.81; 1.59) 1.18 (0.77; 1.83) High-risk medication ^c Antidiabetics 1.22 (0.91; 1.63) 1.17 (0.86; 1.60) 1.41 (1.05; 1.89) 1.10 (0.75; 1.62) Opioids 1.74 (1.23; 2.48) 1.59 (1.11; 2.30) 2.31 (1.63; 3.28) 2.10 (1.34; 3.32) Antibiotics 1.81 (1.14; 2.91) 1.64 (1.01; 2.68) 1.44 (0.92; 2.27) 1.77 (0.99; 3.18) Benzodiazepines 1.38 (0.92; 2.08) 1.32 (0.87; 2.03) 1.75 (1.17; 2.61) 2.01 (1.22; 3.35) Antidepressants 1.54 (1.13; 2.10) 1.32 (0.95; 1.83) 1.57 (1.15; 2.13) 1.45 (0.96; 2.19) Medication complexity < 16.5 Ref Ref Ref Ref 16.5–25.4 1.02 (0.74; 1.40) 0.95 (0.68; 1.33) 1.20 (0.87; 1.66) 0.81 (0.53; 1.22) ≥ 25.5 1.77 (1.28; 2.43) 1.53 (1.10; 2.15) 1.83 (1.33; 2.51) 1.22 (0.80; 1.86) Adherence (MMAS-8) Good adherence Ref Ref Ref Ref Medium adherence 1.01 (0.76; 1.35) 1.12 (0.83; 1.52) 0.80 (0.59; 1.06) 1.36 (0.93; 2.01) Low adherence 0.94 (0.63; 1.38) 0.93 (0.62; 1.39) 1.13 (0.77; 1.67) 1.59 (0.95; 2.66) Missing data: Medication adherence, EQ-VAS outcome, 47 (5.1%) and EQ-5D, 49 (5.2%), adjusted models: EQ-VAS, 46 (5.0%) and EQ-5D, 36 (4.2%); No of prescribing omissions and No of inappropriate medications, EQ-VAS outcome, 129 (13.9%) and EQ-5D, 133 (14.0%), adjusted models: EQ-VAS, 128 (14.0%) and EQ-5D, 108 (12.6%) ^aAdjusted for DADL and smoking status ^bAdjusted for the trial site, DADL, non-independent living, smoking status, BMI, falls in the past year and non-elective admittance ^cOnly high-risk medication (medication with a high risk for hospital (re)admissions in patients) with an association is displayed ^dUse of Morisky medication adherence measure questionnaire is protected by US copyright laws The original article has been corrected.