Contrasts in the marine inorganic carbon chemistry of the Benguela Upwelling System since the Last Glacial Maximum

Upwelling regions are dynamic systems where relatively cold, nutrient-, and CO₂-rich waters reach to the surface from the deep. CO₂ sink or source properties of these regions are dependent not only on the dissolved inorganic carbon content of the upwelled waters, but also on the efficiency of the biological carbon pump which constrains the drawdown of atmospheric CO₂ in the surface waters. The Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) is a major upwelling region with one of the most productive marine ecosystems today. However, contrasting signals reported on the variation in upwelling intensities based on, for instance, foraminiferal and radiolarian indices over the last glacial cycle indicate that a complete understanding of (local) changes is currently lacking. To reconstruct changes in the CO₂ history of the northern Benguela upwelling region over the last 27 kyr, we used a box core (64PE450-BC6) and piston core (64PE450-PC8) from the Walvis Ridge. Here, we apply various temperature and pCO₂ proxies, representing both surface (U37K′ and δ¹³C of alkenones) and subsurface (Mg / Ca and δ¹¹B in planktonic foraminiferal shells) processes. Reconstructed pCO₂ records suggest enhanced storage of carbon at depth during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).