Comparative Analysis of the Clinical Presentation of Individuals Who Test Positive or Negative for SARS-CoV-2: Results from a Test Street Study

Pantea Kiani, Pauline A. Hendriksen, Andy J. Kim, Johan Garssen, Joris C. Verster

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

Abstract

The common cold, the flu, and the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have many symptoms in common. As such, without testing for severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is difficult to conclude whether or not one is infected with SARS-CoV-2. The aim of the current study was to compare the presence and severity of COVID-19-related symptoms among those who tested positive or negative for the beta variant of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.351) and identify the clinical presentation with the greatest likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. n = 925 individuals that were tested for SARS-CoV-2 at Dutch mass testing sites (i.e., test streets) were invited to complete a short online survey. The presence and severity of 17 COVID-19-related symptoms were assessed. In addition, mood, health correlates, and quality of life were assessed for the week before the test. Of the sample, n = 88 tested positive and n = 837 tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 reported experiencing a significantly greater number, as well as greater overall symptom severity, compared to individuals who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that increased severity levels of congestion, coughing, shivering, or loss of smell were associated with an increase in the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, whereas an increase in the severity levels of runny nose, sore throat, or fatigue were associated with an increase in the odds of testing negative for SARS-CoV-2. No significant differences in mood or health correlates were found between those who tested positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2, except for a significantly higher stress score among those who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, individuals that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 experienced a significantly greater number and more severe COVID-19-related symptoms compared to those who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Experiencing shivering and loss of smell may be the best indicators for increased likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.
Original languageEnglish
Article number1031
Pages (from-to)1-11
Number of pages11
JournalViruses
Volume16
Issue number7
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jul 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 by the authors.

Funding

Over the past 3 years, J.V. has acted as a consultant/advisor for Eisai, KNMP, Med Solutions, Red Bull, Sen-Jam Pharmaceutical, and Toast! J.G. is part-time employee of Danone and received research grants from Nutricia research foundation, Top Institute Pharma, Top Institute Food and Nutrition, GSK, STW, NWO, Friesland Campina, CCC, Raak-Pro, and EU. P.K. is CEO of PanGenix. The other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

FundersFunder number
Top Institute Pharma
Nutricia Research Foundation
EU
Top Institute Food and Nutrition
STW
NWO
Friesland Campina
CCC
GSK

    Keywords

    • Covid-19
    • Loss of smell
    • Mood
    • Predictors
    • Quality of life
    • SARS-CoV-2
    • Sleep quality
    • Symptoms

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