Collective dynamics of intelligent active Brownian particles with visual perception and velocity alignment in 3D: spheres, rods, and worms

Many living systems, such as birds and fish, exhibit collective behaviors like flocking and swarming. Recently, an experimental system of active colloidal particles has been developed, where the motility of each particle is adjusted based on its visual detection of surrounding particles. These particles with visual-perception-dependent motility exhibit group formation and cohesion. Inspired by these behaviors, we investigate intelligent active Brownian particles (iABPs) equipped with visual perception and velocity alignment in three dimensions using computer simulations. The visual-perception-based self-steering describes the tendency of iABPs to move toward the center of mass of particles within their visual cones, while velocity alignment encourages alignment with neighboring particles. We examine how the behavior varies with the visual cone angle θ, self-propulsion speed (Péclet number Pe), and the interaction strengths of velocity alignment (Ω_a) and visual-based self-steering (Ω_v). Our findings show that spherical iABPs form dense clusters, worm-like clusters, milling behaviors, and dilute-gas phases, consistent with 2D studies. By reducing the simulation box size, we observe additional structures like band-like clusters and dense baitball formations. Additionally, rod-like iABPs form band-like, worm-like, radiating, and helical structures, while iABP worms exhibit band-like, streamlined, micellar-like and entangled structures. Many of these patterns resemble collective behaviors in nature, such as ant milling, fish baitballs, and worm clusters. Advances in synthetic techniques could enable nanorobots with similar capabilities, offering insights into multicellular systems through active matter.