TY - JOUR
T1 - Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia-a review
AU - Mandigers, Paul J J
AU - Santifort, Koen M
AU - Lowrie, Mark
AU - Garosi, Laurent
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2024 Mandigers, Santifort, Lowrie and Garosi.
PY - 2024/7/18
Y1 - 2024/7/18
N2 - Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a group of involuntary, hyperkinetic movement disorders that recur episodically and may last seconds to hours. An important feature of PD is that there is no loss of consciousness during the episode. Using a clinical classification, three main types of PDs have been distinguished in canine PD: (1) paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) that commences after (sudden) movements, (2) paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) not associated with exercise and can occur at rest, and (3) paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED) associated with fatigue. Canine PDs are diagnosed based on the clinical presentation, history, and phenomenology. For the latter, a video recording of the paroxysmal event is extremely useful. An etiological classification of canine PDs includes genetic (proven and suspected), reactive (drug-induced, toxic, metabolic, and dietary), structural (neoplasia, inflammatory, and other structural causes), and unknown causes. In this review, an overview of all reported canine PDs is provided with emphasis on phenotype, genotype, and, where possible, pathophysiology and treatment for each reported canine PD.
AB - Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a group of involuntary, hyperkinetic movement disorders that recur episodically and may last seconds to hours. An important feature of PD is that there is no loss of consciousness during the episode. Using a clinical classification, three main types of PDs have been distinguished in canine PD: (1) paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) that commences after (sudden) movements, (2) paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) not associated with exercise and can occur at rest, and (3) paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED) associated with fatigue. Canine PDs are diagnosed based on the clinical presentation, history, and phenomenology. For the latter, a video recording of the paroxysmal event is extremely useful. An etiological classification of canine PDs includes genetic (proven and suspected), reactive (drug-induced, toxic, metabolic, and dietary), structural (neoplasia, inflammatory, and other structural causes), and unknown causes. In this review, an overview of all reported canine PDs is provided with emphasis on phenotype, genotype, and, where possible, pathophysiology and treatment for each reported canine PD.
KW - cramp
KW - dyskinetic
KW - dystonia
KW - hyperkinetic
KW - movement disorder
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85200695706&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fvets.2024.1441332
DO - 10.3389/fvets.2024.1441332
M3 - Review article
C2 - 39119350
SN - 2297-1769
VL - 11
JO - Frontiers in Veterinary Science
JF - Frontiers in Veterinary Science
M1 - 1441332
ER -