TY - JOUR
T1 - Biological nitrification inhibition in the rhizosphere
T2 - determining interactions and impact on microbially mediated processes and potential applications
AU - Nardi, Pierfrancesco
AU - Laanbroek, Hendrikus J.
AU - Nicol, Graeme W.
AU - Renella, Giancarlo
AU - Cardinale, Massimiliano
AU - Pietramellara, Giacomo
AU - Weckwerth, Wolfram
AU - Trinchera, Alessandra
AU - Ghatak, Arindam
AU - Nannipieri, Paolo
PY - 2020/11/24
Y1 - 2020/11/24
N2 - Nitrification is the microbial conversion of reduced forms of nitrogen (N) to nitrate (NO3-), and in fertilized soils it can lead to substantial N losses via NO3- leaching or nitrous oxide (N2O) production. To limit such problems, synthetic nitrification inhibitors have been applied but their performance differs between soils. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the occurrence of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), a natural phenomenon according to which certain plants can inhibit nitrification through the release of active compounds in root exudates. Here, we synthesize the current state of research but also unravel knowledge gaps in the field. The nitrification process is discussed considering recent discoveries in genomics, biochemistry and ecology of nitrifiers. Secondly, we focus on the 'where' and 'how' of BNI. The N transformations and their interconnections as they occur in, and are affected by, the rhizosphere, are also discussed. The NH4+ and NO3- retention pathways alternative to BNI are reviewed as well. We also provide hypotheses on how plant compounds with putative BNI ability can reach their targets inside the cell and inhibit ammonia oxidation. Finally, we discuss a set of techniques that can be successfully applied to solve unresearched questions in BNI studies.
AB - Nitrification is the microbial conversion of reduced forms of nitrogen (N) to nitrate (NO3-), and in fertilized soils it can lead to substantial N losses via NO3- leaching or nitrous oxide (N2O) production. To limit such problems, synthetic nitrification inhibitors have been applied but their performance differs between soils. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the occurrence of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), a natural phenomenon according to which certain plants can inhibit nitrification through the release of active compounds in root exudates. Here, we synthesize the current state of research but also unravel knowledge gaps in the field. The nitrification process is discussed considering recent discoveries in genomics, biochemistry and ecology of nitrifiers. Secondly, we focus on the 'where' and 'how' of BNI. The N transformations and their interconnections as they occur in, and are affected by, the rhizosphere, are also discussed. The NH4+ and NO3- retention pathways alternative to BNI are reviewed as well. We also provide hypotheses on how plant compounds with putative BNI ability can reach their targets inside the cell and inhibit ammonia oxidation. Finally, we discuss a set of techniques that can be successfully applied to solve unresearched questions in BNI studies.
KW - ammonia oxidizers
KW - biological nitrification inhibition
KW - BNI compounds
KW - nitrification
KW - rhizosphere
KW - root exudates
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85096886307&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/femsre/fuaa037
DO - 10.1093/femsre/fuaa037
M3 - Article
C2 - 32785584
AN - SCOPUS:85096886307
SN - 0168-6445
VL - 44
SP - 874
EP - 908
JO - FEMS Microbiology Reviews
JF - FEMS Microbiology Reviews
IS - 6
ER -