Automated Driving: Getting and Keeping the Human in the Loop

Automated vehicles are sometimes seen as fully replacing a human driver, particularly in the popular press and in nonscientific conversation. However, although there are successes in automated vehicles, no systems can yet achieve this. Instead, we argue that human-automation interaction in the context of vehicles should be considered as a partnership between the human and the automated system. That is, instead of either or, the system includes the human, and the human, when appropriate, also actively takes part in some of the tasks associated with driving.