Antiprotozoal resistance

Antiprotozoal drug resistance is a major challenge in the treatment and control of protozoal infections. Protozoan parasites (members of the phylum Protozoa), which are among the major livestock pathogens, e.g., Theileria, Babesia and Trypanosoma, have developed various mechanisms to evade the effects of antiprotozoal drugs, including reduced drug uptake, enhanced drug effux and target site modifcations. This has been presumed to lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of protozoans. This resistance can spread rapidly and pose a serious threat to the health of animals. This chapter highlights the modes of action and the mechanisms of the development of resistance in protozoa against drugs used against enteric and haemo-protozoal infections. Understanding these mechanisms provides a way forward for the discovery of new drugs to ensure animal welfare, health and sustainable livestock production and can aid in the prevention and management of antiprotozoal resistance. The development of new antiprotozoal drugs, combination therapy, and improved surveillance and monitoring are among the essential strategies to combat antiprotozoal drug resistance and ensure effective treatment of protozoal infections.